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## Quantum confinement in PbI2 nanodisks prepared with cucurbit[7]uril

SANTOS, Erick M. S. dos; PEREIRA, Lourivaldo S.; DEMETS, Grégoire J.-F.
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
ENG
Relevância na Pesquisa
67.269463%
This work presents an alternative route for the preparation of heavy metal iodide nanoparticles, particularly lead iodide nanodisks (ca. 50-340 × 7 Å, diameter × thickness), using the macrocycle cucurbit[7]uril as a synthetic template and stabilizing agent. These nanoparticles exhibit an optical-gap blue shift consistent with their small size and 1D quantum confinement. Their thicknesses are compatible with an exfoliated single layer of lead iodide, indicating that cucurbit[7]uril, preventing the stacking and formation of tactoids, thus limiting nanoparticles growth in the z direction. The structure, morphology and properties of these disks were analyzed by X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), UV-Visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy with analysis of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (SEM-EDS) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM).; Este trabalho apresenta uma rota alternativa para a preparação de nanodiscos de iodeto de chumbo (ca. 50-340 × 7Å, diâmetro × espessura) utilizando o macrocíclico cucurbit[7]urila como molde de síntese e agente estabilizante. Estas nanopartículas apresentam um deslocamento para o azul de gap óptico consistente com seu tamanho reduzido e confinamento quântico 1D. Suas espessuras são compatíveis com a de uma camada de iodeto de chumbo esfoliado...

## Quantum confinement in PbI2 nanodisks prepared with cucurbit[7]uril

Santos,Erick M. S. dos; Pereira,Lourivaldo S.; Demets,Grégoire J.-F.
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica Formato: text/html
Relevância na Pesquisa
67.269463%
This work presents an alternative route for the preparation of heavy metal iodide nanoparticles, particularly lead iodide nanodisks (ca. 50-340 × 7 Å, diameter × thickness), using the macrocycle cucurbit[7]uril as a synthetic template and stabilizing agent. These nanoparticles exhibit an optical-gap blue shift consistent with their small size and 1D quantum confinement. Their thicknesses are compatible with an exfoliated single layer of lead iodide, indicating that cucurbit[7]uril, preventing the stacking and formation of tactoids, thus limiting nanoparticles growth in the z direction. The structure, morphology and properties of these disks were analyzed by X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), UV-Visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy with analysis of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (SEM-EDS) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM).

## Quantum confinement in hydrogen bond

Santos, Carlos da Silva dos; Drigo Filho, Elso; Ricotta, Regina Maria
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica Formato: 765-770
ENG
Relevância na Pesquisa
67.48558%
In this work, the quantum confinement effect is proposed as the cause of the displacement of the vibrational spectrum of molecular groups that involve hydrogen bonds. In this approach, the hydrogen bond imposes a space barrier to hydrogen and constrains its oscillatory motion. We studied the vibrational transitions through the Morse potential, for the NH and OH molecular groups inside macromolecules in situation of confinement (when hydrogen bonding is formed) and nonconfinement (when there is no hydrogen bonding). The energies were obtained through the variational method with the trial wave functions obtained from supersymmetric quantum mechanics formalism. The results indicate that it is possible to distinguish the emission peaks related to the existence of the hydrogen bonds. These analytical results were satisfactorily compared with experimental results obtained from infrared spectroscopy. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

## Anisotropic Quantum Confinement Effect and Electric Control of Surface States in Dirac Semimetal Nanostructures

Xiao, Xianbo; Yang, Shengyuan A.; Liu, Zhengfang; Li, Huili; Zhou, Guanghui
Fonte: Nature Publishing Group Publicador: Nature Publishing Group
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.415166%
The recent discovery of Dirac semimetals represents a new achievement in our fundamental understanding of topological states of matter. Due to their topological surface states, high mobility, and exotic properties associated with bulk Dirac points, these new materials have attracted significant attention and are believed to hold great promise for fabricating novel topological devices. For nanoscale device applications, effects from finite size usually play an important role. In this report, we theoretically investigate the electronic properties of Dirac semimetal nanostructures. Quantum confinement generally opens a bulk band gap at the Dirac points. We find that confinement along different directions shows strong anisotropic effects. In particular, the gap due to confinement along vertical c-axis shows a periodic modulation, which is absent for confinement along horizontal directions. We demonstrate that the topological surface states could be controlled by lateral electrostatic gating. It is possible to generate Rashba-like spin splitting for the surface states and to shift them relative to the confinement-induced bulk gap. These results will not only facilitate our fundamental understanding of Dirac semimetal nanostructures, but also provide useful guidance for designing all-electrical topological spintronics devices.

## Highly efficient luminescence from a hybrid state found in strongle quantum confined PbS nanocrystals

Fernee, Mark J; Thomsen, Elizabeth; Jensen, Peter; Rubinsztein-Dunlop, Halina
Fonte: Institute of Physics Publishing Publicador: Institute of Physics Publishing
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
57.188315%
We report that high quality PbS nanocrystals, synthesized in the strong quantum confinement regime, have quantum yields as high as 70% at room temperature. We use a combination of modelling and photoluminescence up-conversion to show that we obtain a near

## Quantum Confinement in Si and Ge Nanostructures

Barbagiovanni, Eric G.; Lockwood, David J.; Simpson, Peter J.; Goncharova, Lyudmila V.
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.6177%
We apply perturbative effective mass theory as a broadly applicable theoretical model for quantum confinement (QC) in all Si and Ge nanostructures including quantum wells (QWs), wires (Q-wires) and dots (QDs). Within the limits of strong, medium, and weak QC, valence and conduction band edge energy levels (VBM and CBM) were calculated as a function of QD diameters, QW thicknesses and Q-wire diameters. Crystalline and amorphous quantum systems were considered separately. Calculated band edge levels with strong, medium and weak QC models were compared with experimental VBM and CBM reported from X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) or photoluminescence (PL). Experimentally, the dimensions of the nanostructures were determined directly, by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), or indirectly, by x-ray diffraction (XRD) or by XPS. We found that crystalline materials are best described by a medium confinement model, while amorphous materials exhibit strong confinement regardless of the dimensionality of the system. Our results indicate that spatial delocalization of the hole in amorphous versus crystalline nanostructures is the important parameter determining the magnitude of the band gap expansion...

## N Identical Particles Under Quantum Confinement: A Many-Body Dimensional Perturbation Theory Approach II, The Lowest-Order Wave Function I

Dunn, M.; Watson, D. K.; Loeser, J. G.
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
57.14677%
In this paper we continue our development of a dimensional perturbation theory (DPT) treatment of N identical particles under quantum confinement. DPT is a beyond-mean-field method which is applicable to both weakly and strongly-interacting systems and can be used to connect both limits. In a previous paper we developed the formalism for low-order energies and excitation frequencies. This formalism has been applied to atoms, Bose-Einstein condensates and quantum dots. One major advantage of the method is that N appears as a parameter in the analytical expressions for the energy and so results for N up to a few thousand are easy to obtain. Other properties however, are also of interest, for example the density profile in the case of a BEC,and larger N results are desirable as well. The latter case requires us to go to higher orders in DPT. These calculations require as input zeroth-order wave functions and this paper, along with a subsequent paper, addresses this issue.; Comment: 52 pages

## Quantum Confinement in Hydrogen Bond

Santos, Carlos da Silva dos; Filho, Elso Drigo; Ricotta, Regina Maria
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
57.48558%
In this work, the quantum confinement effect is proposed as the cause of the displacement of the vibrational spectrum of molecular groups that involve hydrogen bonds. In this approach the hydrogen bond imposes a space barrier to hydrogen and constrains its oscillatory motion. We studied the vibrational transitions through the Morse potential, for the NH and OH molecular groups inside macromolecules in situation of confinement (when hydrogen bonding is formed) and non-confinement (when there is no hydrogen bonding). The energies were obtained through the variational method with the trial wave functions obtained from Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics (SQM) formalism. The results indicate that it is possible to distinguish the emission peaks related to the existence of the hydrogen bonds. These analytical results were satisfactorily compared with experimental results obtained from infrared spectroscopy.; Comment: 20 pages, 2 figures. To appear in Int.J.Quantum Chem

## Quantum Confinement in Hydrogen Bond of DNA and RNA

Santos, da Silva dos; Filho, Elso Drigo; Ricotta, Regina Maria
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
57.14677%
The hydrogen bond is a fundamental ingredient to stabilize the DNA and RNA macromolecules. The main contribution of this work is to describe quantitatively this interaction as a consequence of the quantum confinement of the hydrogen. The results for the free and confined system are compared with experimental data. The formalism to compute the energy gap of the vibration motion used to identify the spectrum lines is the Variational Method allied to Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics.; Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures. To appear in The Proceedings of the 30th International Colloquium on Group Theoretical Methods in Physics (Group30), Ghent, Belgium

## Spatial confinement effects on quantum field theory using nonlinear coherent states approach

Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.48558%
We study some basic quantum confinement effects through investigation a deformed harmonic oscillator algebra. We show that spatial confinement effects on a quantum harmonic oscillator can be represented by a deformation function within the framework of nonlinear coherent states theory. Using the deformed algebra, we construct a quantum field theory in confined space. In particular, we find that the confinement influences on some physical properties of the electromagnetic field and it gives rise to nonlinear interaction. Furthermore, we propose a physical scheme to generate the nonlinear coherent states associated with the electromagnetic field in a confined region.

## Quantum confinement in Si and Ge nanostructures: Effect of crystallinity

Barbagiovanni, Eric G.; Lockwood, David J.; Filho, Raimundo N. Costa; Goncharova, Lyudmila V.; Simpson, Peter J.
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.382705%
We look at the relationship between the preparation method of Si and Ge nanostructures (NSs) and the structural, electronic, and optical properties in terms of quantum confinement (QC). QC in NSs causes a blue shift of the gap energy with decreasing NS dimension. Directly measuring the effect of QC is complicated by additional parameters, such as stress, interface and defect states. In addition, differences in NS preparation lead to differences in the relevant parameter set. A relatively simple model of QC, using a `particle-in-a-box'-type perturbation to the effective mass theory, was applied to Si and Ge quantum wells, wires and dots across a variety of preparation methods. The choice of the model was made in order to distinguish contributions that are solely due to the effects of QC, where the only varied experimental parameter was the crystallinity. It was found that the hole becomes de-localized in the case of amorphous materials, which leads to stronger confinement effects. The origin of this result was partly attributed to differences in the effective mass between the amorphous and crystalline NS as well as between the electron and hole. Corrections to our QC model take into account a position dependent effective mass. This term includes an inverse length scale dependent on the displacement from the origin. Thus...

## Spatial confinement effects on quantum harmonic oscillator I: Nonlinear coherent state approach

Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.402344%
In this paper we study some basic quantum confinement effects through investigation of a deformed harmonic oscillator algebra. We show that spatial confinement effects on a quantum harmonic oscillator can be represented by a deformation function within the framework of nonlinear coherent states theory. We construct the coherent states associated with the spatially confined quantum harmonic oscillator in a one-dimensional infinite well and examine some of their quantum statistical properties, including sub-poissonian statistics and quadrature squeezing.; Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:0710.1942

## Metallic nanograins: spatially nonuniform pairing induced by quantum confinement

Croitoru, M. D.; Shanenko, A. A.; Kaun, C. C.; Peeters, F. M.
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.44404%
It is well-known that the formation of discrete electron levels strongly influences the pairing in metallic nanograins. Here we focus on another effect of quantum confinement in superconducting grains that was not studied previously, i.e., spatially nonuniform pairing. This effect is very significant when single-electron levels form bunches and/or a kind of shell structure: in highly symmetric grains the order parameter can exhibit variations with position by an order of magnitude. Nonuniform pairing is closely related to a quantum-confinement induced modification of the pairing-interaction matrix elements and size-dependent pinning of the chemical potential to groups of degenerate or nearly degenerate levels. For illustration we consider spherical metallic nanograins. We show that the relevant matrix elements are as a rule enhanced in the presence of quantum confinement, which favors spatial variations of the order parameter, compensating the corresponding energy cost. The size-dependent pinning of the chemical potential further increases the spatial variation of the pair condensate. The role of nonuniform pairing is smaller in less symmetric confining geometries and/or in the presence of disorder. However, it always remains of importance when the energy spacing between discrete electron levels $\delta$ is approaching the scale of the bulk gap $\Delta_B$...

## Effect of Quantum Confinement on Electron Tunneling through a Quantum Dot

Kang, Kicheon; Min, B. I.
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.37234%
Employing the Anderson impurity model, we study tunneling properties through an ideal quantum dot near the conductance minima. Considering the Coulomb blockade and the quantum confinement on an equal footing, we have obtained current contributions from various types of tunneling processes; inelastic cotunneling, elastic cotunneling, and resonant tunneling of thermally activated electrons. We have found that the inelastic cotunneling is suppressed in the quantum confinement limit, and thus the conductance near its minima is determined by the elastic cotunneling at low temperature ($k_BT \ll \Gamma$, $\Gamma$: dot-reservoir coupling constant), or by the resonant tunneling of single electrons at high temperature ($k_BT \gg \Gamma$).; Comment: 11 pages Revtex, 2 Postscript figures, To appear in Phys.Rev.B

## Anisotropic Quantum Confinement Effect and Electric Control of Surface States in Dirac Semimetal Nanostructures

Xiao, Xianbo; Yang, Shengyuan A.; Liu, Zhengfang; Li, Huili; Zhou, Guanghui
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.415166%
The recent discovery of Dirac semimetals represents a new achievement in our fundamental understanding of topological states of matter. Due to their topological surface states, high mobility, and exotic properties associated with bulk Dirac points, these new materials have attracted significant attention and are believed to hold great promise for fabricating novel topological devices. For nanoscale device applications, effects from finite size usually play an important role. In this report, we theoretically investigate the electronic properties of Dirac semimetal nanostructures. Quantum confinement generally opens a bulk band gap at the Dirac points. We find that confinement along different directions shows strong anisotropiceffects. In particular, the gap due to confinement along vertical c-axis shows a periodic modulation, which is absent for confinement along horizontal directions. We demonstrate that the topological surface states could be controlled by lateral electrostatic gating. It is possible to generate Rashba-like spin splitting for the surface states and to shift them relative to the confinement-induced bulk gap. These results will not only facilitate our fundamental understanding of Dirac semimetal nanostructures, but also provide useful guidance for designing all-electrical topological spintronics devices.; Comment: 23 pages...

## Quantum confinement effects in InAs-InP core-shell nanowires

Zanolli, Z; Pistol, M-E; Froeberg, L E; Samuelson, L
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.382705%
We report the detection of quantum confinement in single InAs-InP core-shell nanowires. The wires having an InAs core with ~25 nm diameter are characterized by emission spectra in which two peaks are identified under high excitation intensity conditions. The peaks are caused by emission from the ground and excited quantized levels, due to the quantum confinement in the plane perpendicular to the nanowire axis. We have identified in the emission spectra different energy contributions related to the wurtzite structure of the wires, the strain between the wurtzite core and shell, and the confinement energy of the InAs core. Calculations based on 6-band strain-dependent k.p theory allow the theoretical estimation of the confined energy states in such materials and we found these results to be in good agreement with those from the photoluminescence studies.; Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, accepted to Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter

## Vortex states in nanoscale superconducting squares: the influence of quantum confinement

Zhang, L. -F.; Covaci, L.; Milošević, M. V.; Berdiyorov, G. R.; Peeters, F. M.
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
47.44404%
Bogoliubov-de Gennes theory is used to investigate the effect of the size of a superconducting square on the vortex states in the quantum confinement regime. When the superconducting coherence length is comparable to the Fermi wavelength, the shape resonances of the superconducting order parameter have strong influence on the vortex configuration. Several unconventional vortex states, including asymmetric ones, giant multi-vortex combinations, and states comprising giant antivortex, were found as ground states and their stability was found to be very sensitive on the value of $k_F\xi_0$, the size of the sample $W$, and the magnetic flux $\Phi$. By increasing the temperature and/or enlarging the size of the sample, quantum confinement is suppressed and the conventional mesoscopic vortex states as predicted by the Ginzburg-Laudau (GL) theory are recovered. However, contrary to the GL results we found that the states containing symmetry-induced vortex-antivortex pairs are stable over the whole temperature range. It turns out that the inhomogeneous order parameter induced by quantum confinement favors vortex-antivortex molecules, as well as giant vortices with a rich structure in the vortex core - unattainable in the GL domain.

## Using Quantum Confinement to Uniquely Identify Devices

Roberts, J.; Bagci, I. E.; Zawawi, M. A. M.; Sexton, J.; Hulbert, N.; Noori, Y. J.; Young, M. P.; Woodhead, C. S.; Missous, M.; Migliorato, M. A.; Roedig, U.; Young, R. J.
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
57.14677%
Modern technology unintentionally provides resources that enable the trust of everyday interactions to be undermined. Some authentication schemes address this issue using devices that give unique outputs in response to a challenge. These signatures are generated by hard-to-predict physical responses derived from structural characteristics, which lend themselves to two different architectures, known as unique objects (UNOs) and physically unclonable functions (PUFs). The classical design of UNOs and PUFs limits their size and, in some cases, their security. Here we show that quantum confinement lends itself to the provision of unique identities at the nanoscale, by using fluctuations in tunnelling measurements through quantum wells in resonant tunnelling diodes (RTDs). This provides an uncomplicated measurement of identity without conventional resource limitations whilst providing robust security. The confined energy levels are highly sensitive to the specific nanostructure within each RTD, resulting in a distinct tunnelling spectrum for every device, as they contain a unique and unpredictable structure that is presently impossible to clone. This new class of authentication device operates with few resources in simple electronic structures above room temperature.; Comment: 12 pages...

## Band formation from coupled quantum dots formed by a nanoporous network on a copper surface

Lobo-Checa, Jorge; Matena, Manfred; Müller, Kathrin; Dil, Jan Hugo; Meier, Fabian; Gade, Lutz H.; Jung, Thomas A.; Stöhr, Meike
Tipo: Artículo Formato: 2039679 bytes; application/pdf
ENG
Relevância na Pesquisa
57.241006%
4 pages, 3 figures.-- Supporting information (Materials and Methods, SOM Text, Suppl. figs. S1-S7, Suppl Refs, 15 pages) available at: http://science-mag.aaas.org/cgi/data/325/5938/300/DC1/1; The properties of crystalline solids can to a large extent be derived from the scale and dimensionality of periodic arrays of coupled quantum systems such as atoms and molecules. Periodic quantum confinement in two dimensions has been elusive on surfaces, mainly because of the challenge to produce regular nanopatterned structures that can trap electronic states. We report that the two-dimensional free electron gas of the Cu(111) surface state can be trapped within the pores of an organic nanoporous network, which can be regarded as a regular array of quantum dots. Moreover, a shallow dispersive electronic band structure is formed, which is indicative of electronic coupling between neighboring pore states.; Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, the National Center of Competence in Research "Nanoscale Science", the European Union through the Marie Curie Research Training Network PRAIRIES, the Wolfermann-Nägeli-Stiftung, the Bundesministerum für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) Cluster "Forum Organic Electronics" (Heidelberg), and the Swiss Federal Commission for Technology and Innovation (CTI).; Peer reviewed

## Quantum confinement particle in a 2D quadrupole potential

Reyes,A.; Reyes,J. Adrián; Vázquez,G.J.; del Castillo-Mussot,M.