Biblioteca Digital

Estamos vivendo um momento que exige profundas mudanças, políticas, éticas, sociais, institucionais e educacionais. Mais do que nunca uma inquietação nos vem a mente: a importância do ato de ler! O que nos preocupa é o ato de ler não apenas aquilo que os símbolos traduzem, mas a carga cultural que há por trás deles, as entrelinhas daquilo que é decodificado em palavras, ler também o mundo que nos cerca e ter consciência da cultura em que estamos embebidos. Pensar essa leitura e os modos de chegar a ela, não é apenas um problema disciplinar de língua portuguesa, extravasando as fronteiras disciplinares e tornando-se uma preocupação de todo educador. Sob esse prisma, onde é que a física entra? Ora, não faz a física parte desta cultura? O modo com que a física olha para a natureza não nos ajudaria também a ler o mundo, a formular questões sobre nosso entorno? Acreditando honestamente que sim, somos levados a formular mais algumas questões: em que o ensino de física pode colaborar na formação de leitores mais críticos? E a leitura, pode colaborar com o ensino de física? Afinal, na ponte entre ciência e arte, em que um mundo pode colaborar com o outro? "Ler palavras, conceitos e o mundo: o desafio de entrelaçar duas culturas em um convite à Física" é a nossa tentativa de usar a arte como um convite à participação nas aulas de física...

Dentro da área Ensino de Ciências identificamos diversos trabalhos que defendem a utilização de obras literárias no contexto de ensino-aprendizagem. Nesta pesquisa pretendemos contribuir com o diálogo entre a literatura e o ensino de ciências, utilizando referenciais da linguística e da linguagem na análise de três romances de ficção, escritos por físicos: -Sonhos de Einstein? de Alan Lightman (1992); -Tau Zero? de Poul Anderson (1970) e -O Tempo e o Espaço do Tio Albert? (1989) de Russel Stannard. O elemento motivador de nosso trabalho surge a partir das possibilidades da inserção da Física Moderna no ensino de física, assim como a possibilidade da interface entre Física e Literatura em sala de aula. Entretanto, como veremos adiante, o diálogo entre a física do início do século XX e as obras literárias é presente na obra de diversos autores, portanto havia a necessidade de um recorte temático que possibilitasse um recurso educacional para o ensino de física moderna. Dessa forma, a Teoria da Relatividade configura-se como uma teoria da física moderna que permite essa pesquisa por conta: do entendimento da TER como um fenômeno cultural; do diálogo histórico entre a Teoria da Relatividade e a Literatura; da necessidade de novos recursos para o ensino de TER e da exploração da TER para além dos conceitos. Os romances mencionados são caracterizados por tratar dos fenômenos inerentes à TER tanto em nível conceitual...

A presente pesquisa trata da relação entre Física e Literatura, representada pelo conto fantástico, e suas possibilidades didáticas, partindo do pressuposto defendido por Zanetic (1989), de que a Física também é cultura. Optamos pelo conto, uma vez que se trata de gênero de leitura rápida, "de uma sentada só", como propõe Edgar Allan Poe (2000). Junto a ele, selecionamos a literatura fantástica, caracterizada pela hesitação entre o real e o maravilhoso. Fantástico este que possui uma função educacional, como aponta Rabkin (1977), uma vez que cria na mente uma reversão diametral e abre mundos novos e fantásticos. Dado este contorno, nosso objetivo é pensar em como a literatura, em especial os contos fantásticos, pode ser utilizada nas aulas de física para abordar conceitos e temáticas da física. Para tanto, selecionamos três contos de escritores consagrados da literatura: "O Pirotécnico Zacarias" (1974) de Murilo Rubião, "Os Jardins de Veredas que se Bifurcam" (1944) de Jorge Luís Borges e "A Milésima-segunda Noite de Xerazade" (1845) de Edgar Allan Poe. O primeiro conto ao tratar da indeterminação entre a vida e a morte, permite uma analogia com o paradoxo do gato de Schrödinger da Mecânica Quântica. O segundo conto é...

A presente pesquisa assume os pressupostos de uma investigação qualitativa de linha dialética que consiste em avaliar como a literatura contribui para formação de conceitos abstratos de Física Moderna e Contemporânea, em especial, conceitos de Mecânica Quântica, para alunos do 3º ano do Ensino Médio. A maneira como os alunos agem em seu meio social é investigada com o apoio da pseudoconcreticidade de Karel Kosík, que nos permite investigar a forma como agem entre si e como aceitam as propostas de ensino oferecidas em sala de aula. A Literatura, a analogia, a leitura e outros recursos linguísticos são tratados a partir da revisão de pesquisas realizadas nesse início de século. A formação de conceitos da Física Moderna e da Mecânica Quântica é investigada com o apoio do referencial interacionista de Vygotsky, que nos possibilitou avaliar como a literatura, por meio da palavra, transforma-se em outra estrutura semiótica, que leva à abstração e generalização de conceitos físicos. As respostas dadas pelos alunos em questionário aberto permitiu-nos confirmar o papel da literatura como ferramenta de ensino de física, que leva à abstração e formação de conceitos abstratos da física moderna.; This research...

peer-reviewed; Physics Education Research (PER) has shown that students leave the physics classroom holding the same misconceptions about physics they had when they entered. PER has demonstrated that these misconceptions are often deeply held and are difficult to change. The literature indicates that Peer Learning has advantages compared with traditional methods in producing conceptual change and that there are a number of potential benefits for utilising undergraduates as Peer Leaders in Peer Learning programmes. Gartner, Kohler, and Riessman (1971) summarised a number of beneficial cognitive processes that occur when Peer Leaders prepare for Peer Learning sessions. It is believed that in reviewing, organising and teaching the material, they may gain a better understanding of the subject. However, little or no literature exists on the effect participation has on Peer Leaders or their experience of a Peer Learning programme. In particular, few studies determining the effect of participation on the Peer Leaders in physics at third level exist. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of becoming a Peer Leader, to investigate the experience of becoming a Peer Leader, and to illuminate the implications of using undergraduate Peer Leaders in physics tutorials at third level. A model of Peer Learning was designed and implemented in physics tutorials at the University of Limerick and the Peer Leaders selected for this study had direct experience of undergraduate introductory physics courses. This Peer Learning model involved students working in cooperative groups with an undergraduate Peer Leader as a facilitator of their learning. Training was provided to the Peer Leaders to ensure that they created an environment where the students were actively and productively engaged with the material and with each other. Action research was chosen as the central methodology of this thesis...

The present study brought together and examined different factors that affect students' attitudes towards physics thus influencing their uptake of physics in the South Australian and Filipino contexts. The theoretical framework was designed to examine the possible relationships among student-level and school-level factors. Student-level factors include gender, attitudes towards physics, general self-esteem, motivation to learn physics, and attitudes towards computers. School-level factors include school level, school curriculum, and classroom climate which include teachers. The theoretical base was drawn from numerous research findings on how these factors affect students' attitudes towards, and thus uptake of, physics. From these findings, constructs were integrated into the theoretical framework in an attempt to answer the research questions advanced in this study. The study employed quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative data were collected using the Students' Uptake of Physics Study Questionnaire (SUPSQ). Several existing scales specifically designed to measure attitudes towards physics, self-esteem, motivation to learn physics, parents' aspiration for their child's education, attitudes towards computers, and classroom climate were adapted for use in the SUPSQ. Each of these scales was validated using structural equation modeling and Rasch analysis which provide inputs from a grounded psychometric perspective. In addition...

A Física é uma área predominantemente masculina e, por muito tempo, os chamados naturalistas justificavam os motivos do afastamento das mulheres da área como sendo de ordem biológica. Entretanto, as mulheres, embora sejam muito poucas na área, apresentam em média um rendimento maior que o dos homens na física. Em vistas disso, o presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender como se dão as relações sociais de gênero nessa área, além dos motivos que justificariam a baixa participação das mulheres na Física e as dificuldades de ascensão na carreira enfrentada por elas, apesar da alta produtividade científica. Para tanto, foram considerados os pontos de vista de homens e mulheres sobre a realidade das mulheres na Física, em particular, no contexto do Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin" (IFGW) da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Foi analisado o modo com que homens e mulheres descrevem o cotidiano e a rotina de trabalho, de ensino e pesquisa em que estão envolvidos. Para entendimento dessas relações de gênero no IFGW, foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com mulheres e homens do IFGW. Estas entrevistas, analisadas à luz da literatura sobre Gênero e Ciência, revelaram que as dificuldades de acesso e ascensão da carreira de Física para as mulheres vão além da opção destas pela maternidade ou da priorização do cuidado da família em detrimento da carreira. Foram apontadas questões associadas ao processo de socialização das mulheres na carreira que podem desfavorecer o acesso...

As the number of people who use scientific literature databases grows, the demand for literature retrieval services has been steadily increased. One of the most popular retrieval services is to find a set of papers similar to the paper under consideration, which requires a measure that computes similarities between papers. Scientific literature databases exhibit two interesting characteristics that are different from general databases. First, the papers cited by old papers are often not included in the database due to technical and economic reasons. Second, since a paper references the papers published before it, few papers cite recently-published papers. These two characteristics cause all existing similarity measures to fail in at least one of the following cases: (1) measuring the similarity between old, but similar papers, (2) measuring the similarity between recent, but similar papers, and (3) measuring the similarity between two similar papers: one old, the other recent. In this paper, we propose a new link-based similarity measure called C-Rank, which uses both in-link and out-link by disregarding the direction of references. In addition, we discuss the most suitable normalization method for scientific literature databases and propose an evaluation method for measuring the accuracy of similarity measures. We have used a database with real-world papers from DBLP and their reference information crawled from Libra for experiments and compared the performance of C-Rank with those of existing similarity measures. Experimental results show that C-Rank achieves a higher accuracy than existing similarity measures.

A method is described to empower students to efficiently perform general and literature searches using online resources. The method was tested on undergraduate and graduate students with varying backgrounds with scientific literature. Students involved in this study showed marked improvement in their awareness of how and where to find accurate scientific information.; Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures, and 1 table

The broad coverage of the search for the Higgs boson in the mainstream media is a relative novelty for high energy physics (HEP) research, whose achievements have traditionally been limited to scholarly literature. This paper illustrates the results of a scientometric analysis of HEP computing in scientific literature, institutional media and the press, and a comparative overview of similar metrics concerning representative particle physics measurements. The picture emerging from these scientometric data documents the scientific impact and social perception of HEP computing. The results of this analysis suggest that improved communication of the scientific and social role of HEP computing would be beneficial to the high energy physics community.; Comment: To be published in the Proceedings of CHEP 2013 (Computing in High Energy Physics)

We present CitNetExplorer, a new software tool for analyzing and visualizing citation networks of scientific publications. CitNetExplorer can for instance be used to study the development of a research field, to delineate the literature on a research topic, and to support literature reviewing. We first introduce the main concepts that need to be understood when working with CitNetExplorer. We then demonstrate CitNetExplorer by using the tool to analyze the scientometric literature and the literature on community detection in networks. Finally, we discuss some technical details on the construction, visualization, and analysis of citation networks in CitNetExplorer.

A scientometric analysis has been performed on selected physics journals to estimate the presence of simulation and modeling in physics literature in the past fifty years. Correlations between the observed trends and several social and economical factors have been evaluated.; Comment: 8 pages, to appear in proceedings of the Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference 2010, Knoxville

In this paper we present the comparison of the linguistic networks from literature and blog texts. The linguistic networks are constructed from texts as directed and weighted co-occurrence networks of words. Words are nodes and links are established between two nodes if they are directly co-occurring within the sentence. The comparison of the networks structure is performed at global level (network) in terms of: average node degree, average shortest path length, diameter, clustering coefficient, density and number of components. Furthermore, we perform analysis on the local level (node) by comparing the rank plots of in and out degree, strength and selectivity. The selectivity-based results point out that there are differences between the structure of the networks constructed from literature and blogs.

Networks are ubiquitous in science and have become a focal point for discussion in everyday life. Formal statistical models for the analysis of network data have emerged as a major topic of interest in diverse areas of study, and most of these involve a form of graphical representation. Probability models on graphs date back to 1959. Along with empirical studies in social psychology and sociology from the 1960s, these early works generated an active network community and a substantial literature in the 1970s. This effort moved into the statistical literature in the late 1970s and 1980s, and the past decade has seen a burgeoning network literature in statistical physics and computer science. The growth of the World Wide Web and the emergence of online networking communities such as Facebook, MySpace, and LinkedIn, and a host of more specialized professional network communities has intensified interest in the study of networks and network data. Our goal in this review is to provide the reader with an entry point to this burgeoning literature. We begin with an overview of the historical development of statistical network modeling and then we introduce a number of examples that have been studied in the network literature. Our subsequent discussion focuses on a number of prominent static and dynamic network models and their interconnections. We emphasize formal model descriptions...

The rate at which scholarly literature is being produced has been increasing at approximately 3.5 percent per year for decades. This means that during a typical 40 year career the amount of new literature produced each year increases by a factor of four. The methods scholars use to discover relevant literature must change. Just like everybody else involved in information discovery, scholars are confronted with information overload. Two decades ago, this discovery process essentially consisted of paging through abstract books, talking to colleagues and librarians, and browsing journals. A time-consuming process, which could even be longer if material had to be shipped from elsewhere. Now much of this discovery process is mediated by online scholarly information systems. All these systems are relatively new, and all are still changing. They all share a common goal: to provide their users with access to the literature relevant to their specific needs. To achieve this each system responds to actions by the user by displaying articles which the system judges relevant to the user's current needs. Recently search systems which use particularly sophisticated methodologies to recommend a few specific papers to the user have been called "recommender systems". These methods are in line with the current use of the term "recommender system" in computer science. We do not adopt this definition...

In October 2013 Italy enacted Law 112 2013, containing the first national regulations about the open access availability of publicly-funded research results (publications). The impact of these new regulations with the specific situation of that open access discipline which is astrophysics, has been considered. Under a strictly technical point of view, in the light of the new dispositions the open nature of a part of the astrophysical scholarly literature which has been made available online free to the reader during the last twenty years, might be questionable. Some possible ways to make astrophysicists' scholarly dissemination entirely compliant with law requirements are considered.; Comment: To be published in the proceedings of: 16th International Conference on Grey Literature "Grey Literature Lobby: Engines and Requesters for Change", December 8-9, 2014, Library of Congress, Washington D.C., USA

These lectures provide a basic overview of topics related to the study of CP Violation in B decays. In the first lecture, I review the basics of discrete symmetries in field theories, the quantum mechanics of neutral but flavor-non-trivial mesons, and the classification of three types of CP violation. The actual second lecture which I gave will be separately published as it is my Dirac award lecture and is focussed on the separate topic of strong CP Violation. In Lecture 2 here, I cover the Standard Model predictions for neutral B decays, and in particular discuss some channels of interest for CP Violation studies. Lecture 3 reviews the various tools and techniques used to deal with the hadronic physics effects. In Lecture 4, I briefly review the present and planned experiments that can study B decays. I cannot teach all the details of this subject in this short course, so my approach is instead to try to give students a grasp of the relevant concepts and an overview of the available tools. The level of these lectures is introductory. I will provide some references to more detailed treatments and current literature, but this is not a review article so I do not attempt to give complete references to all related literature. By now there are some excellent textbooks that cover this subject in great detail. I refer students to these for more details and for more complete references to the original literature.; Comment: Lectures given at Particle Physics School...

The 'two-term' approximation (representation of the electron distribution by the first two terms of an expansion in spherical harmonics in velocity space) continues to occupy a central role in the low-temperature plasma physics literature, in spite of the mass of evidence illustrating its inadequacy in the swarm (free diffusion) limit for many molecular gases. Part of the problem lies in the failure of many authors to specify quantitatively what they mean when they say that the two-term approximation is 'acceptable'. Thus for example, an error of 10% in transport coefficients may well be acceptable in many plasma applications, but for analysis of highly accurate swarm experiments to compare with ab initio and beam-derived cross-sections, 0.1% or less is required, making 'multi-term' analysis mandatory. While reconciliation of the swarm and plasma literature along the lines of two different accuracy regimes may thus be possible, we dispute claims that the two-term approximation is generally satisfactory for inversion of swarm experiment data to obtain electron impact cross-sections. The unsatisfactory nature of other assumptions implicit in much of the modern plasma kinetic theory literature is also discussed.

In this work, we are going to present a literature review of researches that focus on the relationships, difficulties and didactic proposals between Physics and Literature. We have researched on the scientific production of the academic community in specialized journals and congress minutes about Physics teaching, by seeking in abstracts and titles of academic works the following keywords: Science/Physics and Literature, reading and Science/Physics teaching, scientific dissemination/fiction, and use of analogies/metaphors in Science/Physics teaching. The scarcity of published studies led us to research in journals which are not specialized in Physics Education and to extrapolate the research period. We aim to understand how the relationship between Physics and Literature has been discussed by the scientific area, by identifying how the Physics Education can benefit from the resources offered by Literature. In this literature review, we have found a huge educational potential in the use of Literature and its resources as a possible didactic tool for Physics teaching.; http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7941.2015v32n3p577Apresentamos uma revisão bibliográfica sobre pesquisas que focam as relações, dificuldades e propostas didáticas entre física e literatura. Pesquisamos...