Biblioteca Digital

In this work, the rheological behavior of block copolymers with different morphologies (lamellar, cylindrical, spherical, and disordered) and their clay-containing nanocomposites was studied using small amplitude oscillatory shear. The copolymers studied were one asymmetric starblock styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer and four styrene-ethylene/butylenes-styrene copolymers with different molecular architectures, one of them being modified with maleic anhydride. The nanocomposites of those copolymers were prepared by adding organophilic clay using three different preparation techniques: melt mixing, solution casting, and a hybrid melt mixing-solution technique. The nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, and their viscoelastic properties were evaluated and compared to the ones of the pure copolymers. The influence of copolymer morphology and presence of clay on the storage modulus (G`) curves was studied by the evaluation of the changes in the low frequency slope of log G` x log omega (omega: frequency) curves upon variation of temperature and clay addition. This slope may be related to the degree of liquid- or solid-like behavior of a material. It was observed that at temperatures corresponding to the ordered state...

Neste trabalho nanocompósitos de copolímero em bloco foram estudados. Os copolímeros em bloco utilizados foram o SEBS (poliestireno-b-poli(etileno-co-butileno)-b-poliestireno) e SEBSMA (que contém cerca de 2% de anidrido maléico no bloco de PEB) e as nanocargas argilas organofílicas: Cloisite 20A (modificada com 95 meg/100g de argila do sal di(alquil de sebo hidrogenado) dimetil amônio) e Cloisite 30B (modificada com 90 meq/100g de argila do sal (alquil de sebo) dihidroxietil metil amônio). Os nanocompósitos foram obtidos pelo método de mistura no estado fundido utilizando uma extrusora dupla rosca. Foram utilizados dois tipos de matrizes, sendo uma de filamento e a outra de fita. As microestruturas e propriedades dos materiais resultantes foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de Espalhamento de Raios X a Baixo Ângulo (SAXS), Difração de Raios X (XRD), Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (TEM). Foram realizados ensaios de Cisalhamento Oscilatório em Pequenas Amplitudes (SAOS) e Varredura de tempo (Time Sweep). Também, foram realizadas séries de ensaios reológicos para estudar um possível alinhamento das estruturas durante o fluxo. Em particular as amostras foram submetidas a Cisalhamento Oscilatório em Grandes Amplitudes (LAOS) e a estabilidade estrutural do material após o alinhamento. As amostras foram também testadas em fluxos extensionais utilizando-se uma geometria apropriada para gerar fluxos elongacionais. Esses últimos ensaios foram realizados utilizando dois tipos de amostras: amostras obtidas com a matriz de fita e cortadas paralelamente à direção do fluxo (longitudinal) ou perpendicularmente a direção do fluxo (transversal). As análises de caracterização estrutural (XRD e TEM) indicaram uma estrutura intercalada para o nanocompósito SEBS/20A...

O objetivo desta dissertação é a utilização de metodologias de RMN para caracterizar a separação de fases e, em algum grau, a dinâmica de segmentos moleculares em copolímeros em bloco. Na primeira parte do trabalho, técnicas de RMN de Difusão de Spins, cujo fenômeno envolvido traz informações sobre a formação de domínios de segmentos moleculares, foram exploradas no sentido de avaliar seu desempenho assim como as principais dificuldades experimentais. Para isso, foi usado como referência o copolímero tri-bloco SEBS (Estireno-EtilenoButileno-Estireno), cuja morfologia é bem conhecida. Os testes experimentais foram realizados em equipamentos de RMN com campo magnético de 0.5 T e 9.4 T, sendo que em baixo campo uma proposta alternativa de tratamento dos dados foi utilizada. Como já apontado na literatura, os resultados indicaram que embora seja possível realizar tais experimentos em baixo campo a análise dos dados se torna mais complexa devido aos tempos de relaxação T1 mais curtos, tornando necessário o uso de simulações numéricas, que fazem a análise mais dependente de modelos específicos. A segunda parte do trabalho foi dedicada ao estudo de copolímeros em bloco compostos por polióxidoetileno (POE) ou Polietileno Glicol (PEG - POE de baixo peso molecular) e poliestireno (PS) e atambém copolimeros a base de PS e acrilatos ramificados com POE (PMAPEG - do inglês Poly Methyl Acrilate Polyethylene Glicol). Nesses estudos...

Recentemente, utilizando a técnica de auto-agregação ("self-assembly") foi possível visualizar a possibilidade de se obterem estruturas de tamanhos nanométricos de maneira rápida, em poucas etapas sintéticas e por meio de simples atrações físicas entre as macrocadeias, simulando as interações dos peptídeos nas proteínas. A principal característica desta técnica baseia-se na estrutura química dos polímeros sintéticos que permite o processo de autoagregação somente com interações físicas entre as macrocadeias (sem ligações covalentes). Por meio desta técnica é possível obter, com eficiência e rapidez, estruturas nanométricas que seriam de difícil obtenção por técnicas convencionais.O objetivo principal desta tese foi estudar uma rota química para a síntese de copolímeros em bloco anfifílicos e a preparação de nanopartículas sensíveis à variação de temperatura e pH, pelo método de auto-agregação. Para isso, copolímeros em bloco anfifílicos foram sintetizados utilizando como segmento hidrofóbico o Poli(hidroxibutirato-co-hidroxivalerato) (PHBHV) e como segmento hidrofílico foram utilizados a Poli(N-isopropilacrilamida) (PNIPAAm) e Poli(N-isopropilacrilamida-co-ácido acrílico) (PNIPAAmAA). Estes polímeros chamados "inteligentes" foram sintetizados pelo novo mecanismo de polimerização radicalar controlada...

Neste presente trabalho foi realizado um estudo sobre copolímeros em bloco e seus nanocompósitos com diferentes estruturas morfológicas. Os polímeros estudados foram copolímeros de poliestireno-b-poli(etileno-co-butileno)-b-poliestireno (SEBS), sendo dois desses copolímeros com fração em massa de 30% de blocos de poliestireno (PS), e um deles modificado com anidrido maleico na fase de poli(etileno-co-butileno) (PEB). Os outros três copolímeros têm 13% de blocos de PS. A nanopartícula utilizada foi a argila montmorilonita organofílica Cloisite 20A. Os nanocompósitos foram preparados por dois métodos: i) mistura no estado fundido (extrusão); ii) solução. As microestruturas dos materiais resultantes foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo (SAXS) e difração de raios-X (DRX). As propriedades reológicas foram avaliadas em dois tipo de fluxo (cisalhamento e elongacional). Para avaliar as propriedades reológicas em fluxo de cisalhamento foram realizados ensaios de cisalhamento oscilatório em pequenas amplitudes (SAOS), cisalhamento oscilatório em grandes amplitudes (LAOS) e varredura de tempo (TS). Para avaliar as propriedades reológicas em fluxo elongacional foram realizados ensaios com geometria apropriada (SER)...

O tema desta tese como sugerido pelo titulo aborda assuntos correlacionados com formação de sistemas binários de copolímeros em diferentes solventes como também com a interação entre copolímeros bloco e estatísticos de oxido de poli etileno e oxido de poli propileno com vários tipos de surfatantes iônicos: catiônicos, aniônicos e não iônicos. Os estudos deste trabalho foram divididos em três etapas, que foram concluídas com duas publicações e um manuscrito. Em primeiro artigo incluiu se todas as investigações correspondentes aos estudos de interação entre copolímeros em bloco P123 e surfatante não iônico C12EO6 monitorada por calorimetria e espalhamento de luz. Através deste estudo o novo fenômeno para sistema de P123 - C12EO6 foi observado, chamado de transição esferas-bastonetes e identificou-se alta aplicação de técnicas calorimétricas para monitoramento deste tipo de eventos intermoleculares. Este estudo foi executado em colaboração com o grupo de pesquisa da Universidade Lund na Suécia, que conduziu todos os experimentos que envolvem o espalhamento de luz. Por outro lado os experimentos na parte de calorimetria foram feitos dentro do nosso grupo. O segundo artigo descreve sistemas de copolímeros em bloco vs. estatísticos na interação com surfatantes iônicos: aniônicos...

This thesis reports the preparation of novel multi-responsive and multiply stimulable triblock copolymers. The resultant polymers were used to coat cotton fabrics and glass to render them amphiphobic. Further, a method was developed for the preparation of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PEG-b-PHEMA) via anionic polymerization. The multi-responsive copolymer refers to poly(ethylene glycol)-orthonitrobenzyl-poly[2-(perfluorooctyl)ethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(2-cinnamoloxyethyl methacrylate) (PEG-ONB-PFOEMA-b-PCEMA, or P1). P1 was synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of FOEMA and a precursory monomer of CEMA using a PEG macroinitiator. The copolymer was multi-responsive or dual light-responsive because the ONB junction cleaves and PCEMA block becomes crosslinked upon UV photolysis. The multiply stimulable copolymers are a series of poly(ethylene glycol)-disulfide-poly[2-(perfluorooctyl)ethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(2-cinnamoloxyethyl methacrylate) (PEG-S2-PFOEMA-b-PCEMA) copolymers. These polymers were synthesized by the end-coupling Py-S2-PFOEMA-b-PHEMA and PEG-SH, and subsequent cinnamation of the PHEMA block. These polymers are multiply stimulable because the S2 junction and PCEMA block respond to different stimulations...

In this PhD thesis, the preparation of several types of hybrid materials of block copolymer and magnetic nanoparticles is described. The diversified morphologies of nanoaggregates formed by dispersing poly(glyceryl methacrylate)-block-poly(2-cinnamoyloxyethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(tert-butyl acrylate) tri-block copolymers in block selective solvents will be reported first. The volume occupied by the core block in these nanoaggregates can be swollen by solvent, and the core block can be sculpted. The cores can act potentially as the template to grow magnetic nanoparticles. Thus, a potential method for preparing hybrid magnetic materials of block copolymers and magnetic nanoparticles with different morphologies is developed. A one-pot method to synthesize cobalt nanoparticles covered by a polymer shell is then reported. This is achieved by thermally decomposing dicobalt octacarbonyl in the presence of polymeric multi-dentate ligand poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(acrylic acid). Using a similar method, cobalt nanoparticles covered by poly(2-cinnamoyloxyethyl methacryate)-block-poly(acrylic acid) ligand are synthesized. The cobalt nanoparticles fuse into chains for their magnetic dipole-dipole interaction. The chains are then coated with poly(tert-butyl acrylate)-block-poly(2-cinnamoyloxyethyl methacrylate). The coated Co chains are further locked by photo-crosslinking the poly(2-cinnamoyloxyethyl methacrylate) segments. The as-prepared cobalt nano wires have interesting magnetic response and may be used to build complicated magnetic nano devices. Another hybrid magnetic material is prepared via an oil-in-water emulsion method. The oil phase of the emulsion sphere consists of r-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles covered with the poly(2-cinnamoyloxyethyl methacryate)-block-poly(acrylic acid) ligand and a poly(2-cinnamoyloxyethyl methacryate) homopolymer. It was dispersed in water using a mixture of poly(2-cinnamoyloxyethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(succinoylglyceryl methacrylate) and poly(2-cinnamoyloxyethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(glyceryl methacrylate) as the surfactants. The evaporation of the organic solvent left behind solid particles in water. The polymer chains on the surface of the obtained spheres allow the immobilization of biomolecules. Factors affecting the emulsion process are studied systematically. The emulsion spheres are characterized using TEM...

Les copolymères séquencés amphiphiles sont très prometteurs pour des applications de technologie de pointe en raison de leur capacité à s'auto-assembler dans des structures bien organisées à l'échelle du micro– et du nanométre, et de leur sensibilité à des stimulations de différentes natures. La formation des nanomotifs bien ordonnés dans les films et/ou en masse fournit un substitut à la nanolithographie et est utile pour le design et l'ingénierie de nanomembranes et de matériaux nanoporeux. L'auto–assemblage dans des solvants sélectifs, en incluant la sensibilité au pH et à la température, peut être ajusté pour correspondre aux besoins de différentes applications biomédicales, telles que l’encapsulation et/ou relargage de médicaments, l'ingénierie de tissus, etc. Dans ce contexte, des copolymères séquencés de type L–lactide (LLA) et méthacrylate 2–diméthylaminoéthyl (DMAEMA) sont d’un grand intérêt. Comme le contrôle sur l'auto–assemblage des copolymères séquencés est permis au niveau moléculaire, il est très important de préparer des copolymères bien définis avec des longueurs de bloc prévisibles et de faible polydispersité. Ainsi, une partie de cette étude a été consacrée au développement de procédures synthétiques optimales et à la caractérisation détaillée de copolymères di– et triblocs de LLA et de PDMAEMA. Un outil simple pour déterminer la présence d'homo–PLLA résiduel a été développée; cela a permis de déterminer et d'expliquer plusieurs voies de synthèse indésirables. La dernière inclut la participation possible de l'amorceur bifonctionnel utilisé...

Beaucoup d'efforts dans le domaine des matériaux polymères sont déployés pour développer de nouveaux matériaux fonctionnels pour des applications spécifiques, souvent très sophistiquées, en employant des méthodes simplifiées de synthèse et de préparation. Cette thèse porte sur les polymères photosensibles – i.e. des matériaux fonctionnels qui répondent de diverses manières à la lumière – qui sont préparés à l'aide de la chimie supramoléculaire – i.e. une méthode de préparation qui repose sur l'auto-assemblage spontané de motifs moléculaires plus simples via des interactions non covalentes pour former le matériau final désiré. Deux types de matériaux photosensibles ont été ciblés, à savoir les élastomères thermoplastiques à base de copolymères à blocs (TPE) et les complexes d'homopolymères photosensibles. Les TPEs sont des matériaux bien connus, et même commercialisés, qui sont généralement composés d’un copolymère tribloc, avec un bloc central très flexible et des blocs terminaux rigides qui présentent une séparation de phase menant à des domaines durs isolés, composés des blocs terminaux rigides, dans une matrice molle formée du bloc central flexible, et ils ont l'avantage d'être recyclable. Pour la première fois...

Une compréhension approfondie et un meilleur contrôle de l'auto-assemblage des copolymères diblocs (séquencés) et de leurs complexes à l'interface air/eau permettent la formation contrôlée de nanostructures dont les propriétés sont connues comme alternative à la nanolithographie. Dans cette thèse, des monocouches obtenues par les techniques de Langmuir et de Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) avec le copolymère dibloc polystyrène-poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (PS-PVP), seul ou complexé avec de petites molécules par liaison hydrogène [en particulier, le 3-n-pentadécylphénol (PDP)], ont été étudiées. Une partie importante de notre recherche a été consacrée à l'étude d'une monocouche assemblée atypique baptisée réseau de nanostries. Des monocouches LB composées de nanostries ont déjà été rapportées dans la littérature mais elles coexistent souvent avec d'autres morphologies, ce qui les rend inutilisables pour des applications potentielles. Nous avons déterminé les paramètres moléculaires et les conditions expérimentales qui contrôlent cette morphologie, la rendant très reproductible. Nous avons aussi proposé un mécanisme original pour la formation de cette morphologie. De plus, nous avons montré que l'utilisation de solvants à haut point d’ébullition...

Neste trabalho foram sintetizados copolímeros anfifílicos dibloco baseados em 1¿-O-metacrilato de sacarose (SMA) e metacrilato de metila (MMA) por RAFT (Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer) e ATRP (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization) com diferentes composições (balanço hidrofílico/hidrofóbico diferenciado). O MMA é um monômero hidrofóbico, enquanto, o SMA apresenta caráter fortemente hidrofílico. Primeiramente, foi realizado um estudo referente aos parâmetros reacionais utilizados na síntese do bloco de MMA, tanto via RAFT quanto ATRP. Para a polimerização RAFT, avaliou-se a influência da razão molar entre os reagentes, da temperatura e do solvente sobre a eficiência na polimerização. Na polimerização ATRP estudou-se sistemas reacionais contendo diferentes iniciadores, ligantes e catalisadores. A partir desse estudo, adotou-se os sistemas catalisador/iniciador, brometo de cobre (I)/ 2,2,2-tribrometanol (CuBr/TriBrEt), e agente de transferência/iniciador, ditiobenzoato de 2-cianopropila/2,2?-azoisobutironitrila (CPDB/AIBN), para a polimerização ATRP e RAFT, respectivamente. Estes sistemas mostraram ser eficazes tanto para a obtenção do homopolímero PMMA, quanto para os copolímeros em bloco P(MMA-b-SMA)...

The aim of this report is to discuss the method of determination of lattice-fluid binary interaction parameters by comparing well characterized immiscible blends and block copolymers of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(ε−caprolactone) (PCL). Experimental pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) data in the liquid state were correlated with the Sanchez-Lacombe (SL) equation of state with the scaling parameters for mixtures and copolymers obtained through combination rules of the characteristic parameters for the pure homopolymers. The lattice-fluid binary parameters for energy and volume were higher than those of block copolymers implying that the copolymers were more compatible due to the chemical links between the blocks. Therefore, a common parameter cannot account for both homopolymer blend and block copolymer phase behaviors based on current theory. As we were able to adjust all data of the mixtures with a single set of lattice-binary parameters and all data of the block copolymers with another single set we can conclude that both parameters did not depend on the composition for this system. This characteristic, plus the fact that the additivity law of specific volumes can be suitably applied for this system, allowed us to model the behavior of the immiscible blend with the SL equation of state. In addition...

The micelles of two poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) block copolymers, P123 and F127 (same mol wt of PPO but different % PEO) in aqueous solution in the absence and presence of salts as well as ionic surfactant

This article explores global geometric features of bicontinuous space-partitions and their relevance to self-assembly of block-copolymers. Using a robust definition of 'local channel radius', based on the concept of a medial surface [Schröder et al., Eur

12 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables.; Diblock copolymers with polymethyl methacrylate and side chain liquid crystalline (LC) azopolymethacrylate blocks were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The azobenzene content in these copolymers ranges from 52 to 7 wt %. For an azo content down to 20% they exhibit a LC behavior similar to that of the azo homopolymers. Thin films of these copolymers were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A lamellar nanostructure was observed for azo content down to 20 wt %, while no structure is observed for the copolymer with a 7% azo content. The optical anisotropy induced in these films by illumination with linearly polarized 488 nm light was studied and the results compared with those of the azo homopolymer and of a random copolymer with a similar composition. The formation of azo aggregates inside the azo blocks is strongly reduced in going from the homopolymer to the copolymers. Photoinduced azo orientation perpendicular to the 488 nm light polarization was found in all the polymers. The orientational order parameter is very similar in the homopolymer and in the block copolymers with an azo content down to 20 wt %, while it is much lower in the random copolymer and in the 7 wt %. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals...

Antivascular targeting is a promising strategy for tumor therapy. This strategy overcomes many of the transport barriers and has shown efficacy in many preclinical models, but targeting epitopes on tumor vasculature can also promote accumulation in healthy tissues. We used Elastin-like Polypeptide (ELP) to form block copolymers (BCs) consisting of two separate ELP blocks seamlessly fused at the genetic level. ELPBCs self-assemble into spherical micelles at a critical micelle temperature (CMT), allowing external control over monovalent unimer and multivalent micelle forms. We hypothesized that thermal self-assembly could trigger specific binding of ligand-ELPBC to target receptors via the multivalency effect as a method to spatially restrict high-avidity interactions. We termed this approach Dynamic Affinity Modulation (DAM). The objectives of this study were to design, identify, and evaluate protein-based drug carriers that specifically bind to target receptors through static or dynamic multivalent ligand presentation.

ELPBCs were modified to include a low-affinity GRGDS or GNGRG ligand and a unique conjugation site for hydrophobic compounds. This addition did not disrupt micelle self-assembly and facilitated thermally-controlled multivalency. The ability of ligand-ELPBC to specifically interact with isolated AvB3 or CD13 was tested using an in vitro binding assay incorporating an engineered cell line. RGD-ELPBC promoted specific receptor binding in response to multivalent presentation but NGR-ELPBC did not. Enhanced binding with multivalent presentation was also observed only with constructs exhibiting CMT < body temperature. This study establishes proof-of-principle of DAM...

We examine the single chain behavior of block copolymers with flexible and semiflexible blocks. For these flexible-semiflexible copolymers two different solvent conditions are examined. In one case the solvent is poor for the semiflexible blocks and good

Synthesis of diblock copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide with n-hexyl acrylate, styrene, methyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, were carried out by using a sequential "living" polymerization method in the presence of chain transfer agent (CTA) 4-Cyano-4-(phenylcarbonothioylthio)pentanoic acid. The block copo-lymer composition and molecular weight could be well controlled while maintaining a narrow molecular weight distribution. The block copolymers were characterized by ¹H NMR, GPC with MALLS detection and DSC. The molar ratio CTA/Initiator rather than the sequence of monomer addition is the key parameter for achieving the desired materials. We report the first synthesis of poly(HEMA)-b-poly(NIPAAm) with a polydispersity index (IPD) of 1.20 by RAFT.

The nanoscopic order of a series of block copolymer-inorganic nanocomposites was characterized using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The nanostructures were obtained via a diblock copolymer directed sol-gel synthesis. The copolymer consists of blocks of poly(isoprene) -PI- and blocks of poly(ethylene oxide) -PEO. The inorganic material consists of a crosslinked sol of 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and aluminum-tri-sec-butoxide in a 4:1 mole ratio, to generate an aluminosilicate ceramic. The PEO block is swollen by the ceramic precursor and acts as a nanoreactor for their sol-gel synthesis. The resulting nanostructured hybrid has PI as the majority phase. Two series of nanocomposites, designated PI-b-PEO-D and PI-b-PEO-E, were studied; these correspond to 15 wt% PEO and 13 wt% PEO, respectively. The results showed that the nanoscale order characteristic of block copolymers (lamellar, spherical, and cubic) is not only achieved in these hybrid nanocomposites, but the molecular assembly offers the possibility of being utilized as a template for highly ordered inorganic nanostructures. The amount of inorganic nanofiller and the molecular weight of the blocks define the type of morphology assumed by the nanostructure.