Biblioteca Digital

This paper is on the maximization of total profit in a day-ahead market for a price-taker producer needing a short-term scheduling for wind power plants coordination with concentrated solar power plants, having thermal energy storage systems. The optimization approach proposed for the maximization of profit is a mixed-integer linear programming problem. The approach considers not only transmission grid constraints, but also technical operating constraints on both wind and concentrated solar power plants. Then, an improved short-term scheduling coordination is provided due to the more accurate modelling presented in this paper. Computer simulation results based on data for the Iberian wind and concentrated solar power plants illustrate the coordination benefits and show the effectiveness of the approach.

Morocco s economy is growing rapidly in all its sectors (tourism, agriculture, industry , etc.) Consequently, the energy demand has been increasing steadily in the period 2003-2007 when primary energy demand rose by 5% per annum and electricity demand by 8% per annum. At the request of the World Bank Group, this study was launched having 3 main objectives: An analysis of the current characteristics of energy supply and demand, the assessment of the energy strategy of Morocco for the coming years, and then a development of an alternative energy scenario with low carbon energies. Beicip-Franlab has established a detailed energy balance of Morocco on the basis ofMoroccan and international studies already conducted on the energy sector of Morocco as well as on well known databases like IEA ones.For the period 2009-2030, Morocco has defined an energy strategy which was presented during the first Assises de l Energie organized in March 2009. An assessment of this strategy considering both energy and environmental criteria will be presented in order to be compared with the business as usual scenario.Finally an alternative scenario is proposed. Based on an intensive introduction ofrenewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE)...

The objective of this report, therefore, is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the development of the renewable power generation sector in the country over a period of ten years, from 1996 to 2006, as a reference for the design of future policy and market interventions in Sri Lanka and other countries. This analysis aims to assist stakeholders to assess the potential for growth in terms of energy contribution from indigenous renewable resources, private sector investment and rural infrastructure development. The report also serves to reveal the conflicting priorities of stakeholders, which impact the development of indigenous energy resources, and thereby create a platform for constructive debate towards realizing a sustainable and optimal outcome for the country.

As the world demand for energy continues to grow, a big question is where will all the energy come from and what will the price tag be. With such enormous sums needed, public-private partnerships (PPPs) could play a big role. But the financial crisis has raised worries about funding, and much is still not known about how best to attract PPPs. This report reviews the evidence to date with sectoral reforms and considers different approaches in varying circumstances to help outline the potential role of the private and public sector in: 1) strengthening the corporate governance of private and public utilities; 2) helping governments to establish legal, regulatory, contractual, and fiscal frameworks; and 3) improved market governance to attract private investment. Chapter one reviews the impact of the recent financial crisis on PPP investment compared with what happened in earlier financial crises. It also looks out the latest projections for additional power sector investment needed because of climate change and the possible sources of financing. Chapter two examines how PPP investment in the power sector has fared. It also gives the results of an econometric study that explores which types of incentives and variables matter most to PPPs when they are weighing entering the power sector...

Feed-in tariffs have become the most widely used policy instrument to promote renewable energy deployment around the world. This paper examines the relation between tariff setting and policy outcome based on wind capacity expansion in 35 European countries over the 1991-2010 period. Using a dynamic panel data model, it estimates the long-run elasticity of wind deployment with respect to the level of feed-in support. The analysis finds that higher subsidies do not necessarily yield greater levels of wind installation. Non-economic barriers and rent-seeking may have contributed to the weak correlation. On the other hand, the length of feed-in contract and guaranteed grid access are important determinants of policy effectiveness. A one-year extension of an original 5-year agreement on average increases wind investment by 6 percent annually, while providing an interconnection guarantee almost doubles wind investment in one year.

Five Asian nations, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam began designing or instituting Small Power Producer (SPP) programs in the mid-1990s to support energy development jointly with the private sector. This note draws on important markers and lessons for other countries on how to implement similar programs based on these experiences. While all Asian programs demonstrate certain commonalities due to fundamental legal relationships, each experience has been tailored to local conditions and requirements. Some have introduced innovative bidding, competitive, or incentive structures. The result is a rich palette of experience with small power projects in Asia.

It is an internationally recognized reality that continued and increased investment in the power sector by private firms is essential to providing affordable and reliable energy to an increasing portion of the world population. However, investing in power projects in the developing regions of the world exposes nations, governments, consumers, and investors to unusually high levels of risk. This study will have succeeded if it encourages parties, on all sides, to recognize problems as early as possible and concentrate on identifying possible solutions, and then implementing them. This study marks the interest of investors and lenders in finding procedures and instruments to facilitate the resolution of disputes arising from stress situations. To begin with we will summarize the predominant causes, characteristics, and consequences of project stress in the energy sector of emerging markets. The author will seek to describe and understand the incidence of various patterns of characteristics and consequences of project stress that emerge as power projects are broken down by type industry stage and region. Then the author will discuss how to prevent the emergence of stress situations in power projects as well as the instruments and strategies available for the resolution of power project stress.

The participation of wind energy in electricity markets requires providing a forecast for future energy production of a wind generator, whose value will be its scheduled energy. Deviations from this schedule because of prediction errors could imply the payment of imbalance costs. In order to decrease these costs, a joint operation between a wind farm and a hydro-pump plant is proposed; the hydro-pump plant changes its production to compensate wind power prediction errors. In order to optimize this operation, the uncertainty of the wind power forecast is modeled and quantified. This uncertainty is included in an optimization problem that shifts the production of the hydro-pump plant in an optimal way, aiming at reducing the imbalance costs. The result of such a method is profitable for both participants, the wind farm and the hydro-pump plant. A realistic test case is used to evaluate the proposed method.; The authors thanks for the financial support granted by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain, IREMEL project with reference ENE2010-16074, called “Integración de Energías Renovables en el Mercado de Electricidad” and ANEMOS.plus and Integrated Action IT2009-0063 projects.

The aim of this thesis is to study the participation of renewable energies in the Spanish power system. For this purpose, two kind of studies have been developed in the present work. On the one hand, the first part of the work aims to assess the participation of wind energy producers in the Spanish electricity market. On the other hand, the overall effects of an increased installed capacity of renewable energies on the power system are evaluated. Due to the intermittent nature and the low predictability of wind power, the participation of this energy in the day-ahead market implies large deviations from the initial schedule, which leads to a cost that has to be borne by the wind farm owner. By means of short term wind power prediction programs, these losses may be reduced, and, if the market allows the possibility of updating previous bids at intraday markets, the total income of the wind power producers can be increased by a significant percent. The imbalance losses for a wind power producer are important, and may be reduced by strategic bidding. Then, a tool that maximizes the incomes of wind power producers in electricity markets is employed in this study. Through a stochastic process a strategic bidding algorithm is designed, which takes into account the variables involved in the process...

The growing share of electricity production from variable renewable energy sources increases the stochastic nature of the power system. This has repercussions on the markets for electricity. Deviations from forecasted production schedules requires balancing and buying or selling short term products on power or reserve markets and provides opportunities to actors who can offer flexibility in the short term. To model the value of flexibility using stochastic scenario extensions requires as a first step understanding the nature of the uncertainty. This study provides a new approach for determining the forecast errors of wind power generation in the time period between the closing of the day ahead and the intraday markets for the example of Spain. The methodology has been developed using time series analysis for the years 2010-2013 to find the explanatory variables of the wind error variability; applying clustering techniques to reduce the range of the uncertainty; and regressive techniques to forecast the probability density functions of the price of the intra-day. This methodology has been tested considering different system actions showing its suitability for developing intra-day bidding strategies and also for the generation of RES-E scenarios. This methodology could allow a wind power producer to optimally bid into the intraday market based on more accurate scenarios...

With an installed capacity greater than 137 gigawatts (GWs) worldwide and annual additions of about 40 GWs in recent years, solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has become an increasingly important energy supply option. A substantial decline in the cost of solar PV power plants (80 percent reduction since 2008) has improved solar PV’s competitiveness, reducing the needs for subsidies and enabling solar to compete with other power generation options in some markets. The World Bank Group (including the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Development Association, International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency) helps client countries secure the affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy supply needed to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity. The approach mirrors the objectives of the sustainable energy for all initiative - achieving universal access, accelerating improvements in energy efficiency, and doubling the global share of renewable energy by 2030. The World Bank Group recognizes that each country determines its own path for achieving its energy aspirations...

These guidelines are directed to the economic analysis of power sector policy analysis and the appraisal of power sector investment projects. The general guidance is complemented by an Annex Volume that contains relevant technical notes, a glossary, and an extended Bibliography. In this first edition, the focus of the technical notes is on grid-connected renewable energy projects. In FY16 the scope of the technical notes will be extended to cover transmission & distribution, rural electrification, off-grid, energy efficiency, and thermal projects.

The purpose of this report is to provide decision makers in Colombia (and by extension other countries or regions), who are considering the deployment or consolidation of wind power, with a set of options to promote its use. The options presented are the result of an analysis of the Colombian market; this analysis included simulations and modeling of the country's power sector, and extensive consultations with operators, managers, and agents. More information on the analysis and simulations is presented in the appendixes. Wind was chosen to exemplify the range of renewable energy alternatives available to complement traditional power sector technologies on the basis of its technical maturity, its relatively low cost compared to other options, the country's experience, and its wind power potential. This report constitutes the second phase of a barrier analysis to wind energy in Colombia.

This report discusses the energy sector in Vietnam. The central task for the energy sector is to meet demands for electricity in sufficient quantity and of an acceptable quality, in as commercially and financially efficient a way as possible. Several issues arise if this task is to be accomplished in the short and medium term. They are: optimizing power investments; financing the investments that must be made; implementing the reforms in the power industry and restructuring EVN; improving access and service quality; and addressing shortcomings in pricing and tariffs. This study discusses the first of these issues, though inevitably there is some overlap. The study has four specific objectives: (1) to inform decisions about technology choices; (2) to inform decisions on energy and energy sector policy; (3) to inform the energy sector planning process; and (4) to inform the internal discussion within the Bank on how Vietnam's energy sector development can be assisted.

The kinetic energy in wind is converted into mechanical power in specialized propeller-driven turbines mounted on towers. A generator inside the turbine converts the mechanical power into electricity. Utility-scale wind turbines range in size from 100 kilowatts to as large as several megawatts. Turbines can be built on land or offshore and are grouped into 'wind farms' that provide bulk power to the electrical grid. Smaller turbines are used for homes, telecommunications dishes, and water pumping, sometimes in connection with diesel generators, batteries, and photovoltaic systems. Such hybrid wind systems are typically used in remote, off-grid locations, where a connection to the utility grid is not available. This note focuses on onshore wind energy, which is more widely established and has lower risks than offshore wind.

The main objective of this report is to provide the new Government of Ghana with recommendations on the actions needed to improve the performance of Ghana's energy sector. The report focuses on the power and petroleum sectors, taking account of the interdependence between the sectors, and providing recommendations for how they can, together, drive future economic growth. This report aims to highlight the centrality of fixing the problems in the power sector as a path to ensuring that Ghana's economic growth ambitions are not stymied by a lack of electricity. The problems and their solutions are well known; what has been lacking is decisive and timely decision making to break the tendency to adopt reactive measures that often come too late when proactive measures will have led to better outcomes. Demand for gas in the power sector is set to expand rapidly, as new thermal generation capacity is built to meet rapidly growing power demand. However, to ensure successful development of its gas sector, Ghana will need to address a number of important challenges. The paper is organized as follows: chapter one gives introduction; chapter two deals with electricity demand and supply; chapter three deals with resolving generation and transmission bottlenecks; chapter four gives reforms urgently needed in power distribution; chapter five focuses on natural gas sector; and chapter six focuses on upstream oil and gas sector.

This note focuses on the energy and power sector in Uzbekistan with the purpose of identifying some of the key issues faced by the sector and outlining potential solutions. In particular, the note aims to inform the Government thinking by providing input on priorities in the sector. The note also outlines potential solutions the Government may want to consider to address the identified challenges in the short and longer time and highlights the areas where the Government can start acting immediately. The analysis is based on the information and data provided by the Government during preparation of the Bank's investment lending operations, other analytical work as well as data/information collected from public sources. The note is structured as follows: section one discusses the importance of the energy sector to the economy and provides an overview of the sector. Section two provides a more detailed overview of the power sector. Section three identifies the principal challenges in the power sector. Section four proposes potential solutions to address these challenges. Finally...

A scenario with higher oil prices has important implications for diverting from oil-based technologies to renewables, as well as gas, coal, and nuclear alternatives. By 2030, energy demand in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is expected to double from 2008 levels. A key issue is deciding on the most appropriate mix of fuels for power generation, given the various prices of energy sources and technologies, as well as availability of renewable energy. The study's broad aim is to evaluate the impact of higher oil prices on the cost of generating electricity in countries of the LAC region so that better-informed energy policy planners can buffer future adverse effects. The study defines high oil prices as those above United States (U.S.) $100 per barrel. This price is considered a reasonable starting point for discussion given the recent range in oil prices, which averaged $95 a barrel in 2011. A price of $150 per barrel is defined as considerably high yet plausible given historical and current price levels...

This paper presents a stochastic optimization-based approach applied to offer strategies of a wind power producer in a day-ahead electricity market. Further from facing the uncertainty on the wind power the market forces wind power producers to face the uncertainty of the market-clearing electricity price. Also, the producer faces penalties in case of being unable to fulfill the offer. An efficient mixed-integer linear program is presented to develop the offering strategies, having as a goal the maximization of profit. A case study with data from the Iberian Electricity Market is presented and results are discussed to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Energy conversion from renewable energy has been possible due to extra-market supporting policies. The extramarket approach survives for low penetration levels, but as energy from wind penetration increases the extra-market policies are expected to become untenable. A wind power producer (WPP) should expect full competition in deregulated electricity market, i.e., has to have an offer strategy to be competitive. A WPP has to face uncertainties on available wind energy and market prices. Uncertainties have to be conveniently addressed; otherwise a decrease on the financial results is expected. A stochastic programming approach is presented to suitable address those uncertainties. The problem formulation is approached in the way of writing equations in order to benefit from the well-established mixed integer linear program (MILP) solvers in order to compute an offering strategy. A case study with data from the Iberian Electricity Market is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.