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"Produção de óleo diesel limpo a partir do gás natural: estudo de viabilidade técnico-econômica para a instalação de uma planta GTL (gas-to-liquids) no Brasil"; Production of liquid hydrocarbons employing Natural Gas: a study of the technical and economical feasibility of a GTL plant in Brazil
Fonte: Biblioteca Digitais de Teses e Dissertações da USP
Publicador: Biblioteca Digitais de Teses e Dissertações da USP
Tipo: Dissertação de Mestrado
Formato: application/pdf
Publicado em 26/02/2007
PT
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#Avaliação Econômica#clean diesel#Diesel limpo#economical assessment#Fischer-Tropsch#Fischer-Tropsch#Gás Natural#gas-to-liquids#Gas-To-Liquids#natural gas
CALLARI. R. Produção de óleo diesel limpo a partir do gás natural: estudo de viabilidade técnico-econômica para a instalação de uma planta gtl (gas-to-liquids) no Brasil. 2007. 84 p. Tese de Mestrado ? Programa Interunidades de Pós-Graduação em Energia. Universidade de São Paulo. A tecnologia de produção de combustíveis sintéticos iniciou seu desenvolvimento a partir de 1919, na Alemanha, tendo o carvão mineral como insumo para a gaseificação. Este processo conhecido como Gas-To-Liquids (GTL) é uma transformação química que gera produtos líquidos e estáveis à temperatura e pressão ambientes. Essa transformação pode ser realizada no próprio local de produção do gás, evitando investimentos e problemas ambientais na construção de gasodutos. No Brasil, o gás natural apresenta crescente incremento da sua produção, e forte aumento das suas reservas, tanto associado quanto não-associado ao petróleo. Dessa forma, como as estruturas de plataformas normalmente se localizam em áreas remotas, torna-se custoso o aproveitamento desse gás que é liberado pela produção do óleo, sendo o mesmo queimado ou ventado. Devido às restrições estabelecidas pela legislação ambiental, a queima do gás natural nas plataformas de produção passa a ser problemática e crítica. Este trabalho visa avaliar a economicidade da implantação de uma planta para a produção de GTL no Brasil...
Link permanente para citações:
Vietnam : Framework for Thermal BOT Tenders and Strategy for Gas Coordination and Harmonization with Market Roadmap, Volume 1
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
EN_US
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#ALTERNATIVE FUEL#ALTERNATIVE FUELS#ALTERNATIVE USES#APPROACH#ASSOCIATED GAS#AVAILABILITY#BALANCE#BASINS#BIDDING#CAPACITY FACTOR#CARBON
The purpose of this Volume 1 report is
to explore how development of the gas
andelectricity sectors can be better coordinated
within this dynamic environment. In particular,this report
aims to: Briefly outline the gas resources and developments
in Vietnam, and describe the current institutional
arrangements for the gas sector and how they relate to
overall gas and electricity planning; Identify key gas
sector issues as they relate to gas and electricity sector
planning in general and BOT electricity generation project
development, and in particular identify the development and
operating risks for a BOT electricity generation project
developer and suggest mitigation measures for these risks
;Suggest mechanisms to improve gas and electricity planning
coordination. Present a case study that illustrates some of
the gas and electricity planning issues and how these would
be addressed if the suggested planning changes were
implemented. This assignment has been undertaken during a
period of unprecedented change in Vietnam. The electricity
sector is part way through the complex process of
introducing a market. In global world energy markets...
Link permanente para citações:
Pakistan : Oil and Gas Review
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
EN_US
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#ADVERSE EFFECTS#BALANCE OF PAYMENTS#BARREL#BIOMASS#BIOMASS USE#COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES#COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS#COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS#CONSUMER PROTECTION#CRUDE OIL#CRUDE OIL IMPORTS
Substantial progess has been made in
Pakistan in the restructuring and reform of the oil and gas
sectors, deregulation of prices, and privatization of
selected assets. The reforms have enhanced transparency,
making decisionmakers aware of the various aspects of the
business. This review documents the accomplishments to date,
and attempts to identify measures that merit priority
attention with respect to natural gas, petroleum downstream,
and macroeconomic management. The report concludes that
Pakistan would benefit greatly from pursuing the reform
program it initiated in 2000. The remaining measures will
enable the government to unlock the full indigenous resource
potential to accelerate growth and improve the welfare of
the population. It would release scarce public resources
from the hydrocarbon sector, which could then be mobilized
for other priority needs like health and education. The
reform process would be greatly facilitated through
consultations with stakeholders, and using international
experience in oil and gas sector reform. A competitive...
Link permanente para citações:
Greenfield Gas Distribution : Cross-country Experience
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
EN_US
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#AIR CONDITIONING#AIR POLLUTION#ALTERNATIVE APPROACH#ALTERNATIVE FUELS#APPROACH#AVAILABILITY#BILATERAL DONORS#BIOMASS#BOILERS#BURNING FOSSIL FUELS#CARBON DIOXIDE
The study aims to present information
about specific countries which have initiated gas
distribution projects rather than suggestions. However, by
drawing on the experience of a large number of countries, it
also aims to provide practical lessons about issues which
could potentially foster or impede gas distribution
projects. The study emphasizes how countries vary in terms
of the level of development of gas distribution networks.
Chapter 3 outlines the major factors contributing to such
diversity. These factors fall into three categories which
form the basis for analyzing gas distribution in the
countries selected in the study : supply-side factors,
demand-side factors and policy choices of governments
Link permanente para citações:
Export Restraints on Russian Natural Gas and Raw Timber : What Are the Economic Impacts?
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
EN_US
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#ALTERNATE FUELS#AUTOMOBILES#AVERAGE PRICE#BUILDING MATERIALS#CEMENT#COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE#COMPETITIVE PRICES#CONSTRUCTION COST#CONSUMERS#COST INCREASES#DEMAND CURVE
Export restraints by the Russian
Federation on natural gas and timber have been the source of
major controversy between the European Union and the Russian
Federation. The analysis of this paper suggests that the
export restraints in natural gas very substantially benefit
Russia. On the other hand, in raw timber the analysis
suggests that a substantial reduction of Russian export
taxes would increase Russian welfare. The paper explains
that Gazprom has failed to invest adequately, resulting in
little development of new gas supplies. The result has been
progressively increasing use by Gazprom of Central Asian gas
supplies, at progressively higher prices for Russia. The
increased prices of gas for Russian consumers have shown
that it is crucial for Russia to allow new entrants and to
introduce competition in the Russian domestic market.
Without export restraints, however, competition among
multiple gas suppliers from Russia would erode or eliminate
the monopoly profits of the Russian Federation on gas
exports. Thus...
Link permanente para citações:
Peru's Downstream Natural Gas Sector : A Preliminary Assessment
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Economic & Sector Work :: Energy Study; Economic & Sector Work
ENGLISH; EN_US
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#AIR POLLUTION#AIR QUALITY#AMMONIA#AVAILABILITY#BARREL#BARRELS PER DAY#BIOMASS#CLIMATE CHANGE#CO2#COAL#COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS
This study assesses the natural gas
market in Peru. In the process of evaluating the downstream
market, the study identifies opportunities for meeting the
Government s aspirational goals with respect to energy and
natural gas development, including the efficient use of
natural gas in the power and other sectors, strengthening
and coordinating national energy planning for the gas
sector, infrastructure development and prospects for
decentralization of the natural gas market in Peru, and the
potential of natural gas pricing reforms for the promotion
of hydroelectricity and other renewable energy sources. This
report is divided into five chapters. Chapter I describes
the context in which this study was prepared. Chapter II
presents a history of the natural gas sector and the
Government of Peru s policy objectives to increase the use
of natural gas in the domestic economy. Chapter III presents
potential new markets for natural gas within the present
context of the natural gas industry and the Peruvian
economy. Chapter IV describes findings...
Link permanente para citações:
Yemen : A Natural Gas Incentive Framework
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
Tipo: Economic & Sector Work :: Mining/Oil and Gas; Economic & Sector Work
ENGLISH; EN_US
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#ALTERNATIVE FUEL#ALTERNATIVE FUELS#ALTERNATIVE USES#APPROACH#ASSOCIATED GAS#BALANCE#BALANCE OF PAYMENTS#BARREL#BARREL OF OIL#BARRELS OF OIL#CEMENT
Yemen is planning to export gas through
Yemen Liquefied Natural Gas (YLNG) starting from 2009. Yemen
is also aiming to develop the domestic gas market, in
particular gas-to-power. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) export
revenue and domestic gas sales are expected to partially
offset the decline in crude oil revenue from currently
producing fields. The development of a gas sector has the
potential to substantially contribute to Yemen's
economic growth and fiscal revenue generation. Because of
the high risk and considerable investment involved in
developing a gas sector, attracting foreign capital and
expertise will be essential. To this end, in addressing the
public interest and developing the preferred policies, Yemen
should ensure that decisions on project development and
technologies will be based on their economic merits, and gas
will be allowed to find its highest value market.
Link permanente para citações:
Harnessing African Natural Gas : A New Opportunity for Africa's Energy Agenda?
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Working Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH; EN_US
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#APPROACH#ASSOCIATED GAS#AVAILABILITY#BALANCE#BARREL#BURNING GAS#CARBON#CARBON DIOXIDE#CARBON EMISSIONS#CO2#CO2 EMISSIONS
Sub-Saharan Africa's persistent
power shortages act as a severe constraint on its economic
and human development. Over the last several years, a series
of major offshore gas discoveries in Mozambique and Tanzania
have rekindled interest in expanding the use of natural gas
to address the continent's power shortages. Once
thought of as a Nigeria-only story, gas-to power in
Sub-Saharan Africa is now being considered in a
continent-wide context, both as a supplement to
Africa's abundant hydropower resources and as a
replacement for more carbon intensive coal and liquid fuels.
But the concentration of gas resources in just a few
countries and the virtual absence of gas transportation
infrastructure create economic challenges to the wider
adoption of gas as a power generation fuel, particularly in
smaller countries that cannot achieve economies of scale in
gas production and transportation. As a result, the timeline
between the discovery of gas and its commercialization is
often measured in decades. This study examines the economic
conditions facing policy makers...
Link permanente para citações:
Regulatory Reform in Mexico's Natural Gas Industry : Liberalization in the Context of a Dominant Upstream Incumbent
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH; EN_US
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#AIR POLLUTION#ASYMMETRY OF INFORMATION#COGENERATION#CONSTRUCTION#CRUDE OIL#DIESEL#DISTRIBUTION COMPANY#DOMESTIC FUEL#ELECTRICITY#ELECTRICITY DEMAND#ELECTRICITY GENERATION
The natural gas industry combines
activities with natural monopoly characterisitics with those
that are potentially competitive. Pipeline transport and
distribution, which have natural monopoly characterisitcs,
require regulation of price and non-price behavior.
Production is a contestable activity, but in a few countries
(including Mexico) it remains a state monopoly. Gas
marketing is also contestable, but the presence of a
dominant, upstream, vertically integrated incumbent may pose
significant barriers to entry. Market architecture
decisions--such as horizontal structure, regional
development, and the degree of vertical integration--are
also crucial. The authors report that Mexico has undertaken
structural reform in the energy sector more slowly than many
other countries, but it has introduced changes to attract
private investment in natural gas transport and
distribution. These changes were a response to the rapid
growth in demand for natural gas (about 10 percent a year)
in Mexico, which was in turn a response to economic
development and the enforcement of environmental
regulations. The new regulatory framework provides
incentives for firms to invest and operate efficiently and
to bear much much of the risk associated with new projects.
It also protects captive consumers and improves general
economic welfare. The continued vertical integration of the
state-owned company Pemex and its statutory monopoly in
domestic production posed a challenge to regulators. Their
response in liberalizing trade...
Link permanente para citações:
Bulgaria : Options to Improve Security of Gas Supply
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
Tipo: Economic & Sector Work :: Energy Study; Economic & Sector Work
ENGLISH; EN_US
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#ALLOCATION#ALTERNATIVE FUEL#ALTERNATIVE FUELS#ANNUAL COST#ANNUAL COSTS#ANNUAL GROWTH RATE#APPROACH#AVAILABILITY#BALANCE#BILATERAL DONORS#BORDER TRADE
This report presents the findings of a
study aiming to define the least cost short (up to 2015) and
medium term (up to 2020) measures that the Government of
Bulgaria (GoB) can implement to meet gas security of supply
requirements seen in the light of Bulgaria's
vulnerability to gas supply disruptions and its increasingly
important role for regional gas cross-border transmission
and trade. Bulgarian gas demand is of modest size (3.0 bcm
in 2011) and natural gas only plays a small role in
Bulgaria's energy mix (14 percent of the total primary
energy supply). Over the next ten years gas demand patterns
are likely to change, however, and consumption levels are
expected to grow steadily. The growth rate of gas demand and
its importance in the supply mix will be driven by choices
of electricity generation strategy and the rate of household
gasification. There is a significant risk that a gas-focused
electricity strategy would reduce Bulgaria's overall
security of supply. However, this would only be the case if
the new gas supply was contracted from the same sources and
routes as the existing contracts (from Russia via Ukraine)
and if the gas-fired power plants did not have back-up
fuels. Conversely...
Link permanente para citações:
Regional Gas Trade Projects in Arab Countries, Volumes 1 and 2
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
Tipo: Economic & Sector Work :: Mining/Oil and Gas; Economic & Sector Work
ENGLISH; EN_US
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#ALTERNATIVE ENERGY#ANNUAL GROWTH#ASSOCIATED GAS#ASSOCIATED GAS PRODUCTION#AUGMENTATION#AVAILABILITY#BALANCE#BARRELS OF OIL#BARRELS PER DAY#BORDER ELECTRICITY TRADE#COAL
Arab countries hold about 29 percent of
the world's proven gas reserves, but every country
(except Qatar and Algeria) is short of the gas supply needed
to meet its current and projected demand. The rapid growth
in gas demand is mostly a consequence of a sharp increase in
electricity consumption. Gas trade in the Arab world has
been dominated by the objective of exporting gas in the form
of liquefied natural gas (LNG) to points in Asia, Europe,
and North America. Gas trade within the region is limited to
rather small volumes, moved from Algeria to Tunisia and
Morocco; from Egypt to Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon; and from
Qatar to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) - all through
pipelines. The shortage of gas in the Arab countries has
become more pronounced, justifying the higher gas prices
needed to secure imported gas or to encourage domestic gas
production. Such changes in the landscape provide an impetus
for the Arab world to optimize the region's gas
resources, at least partly on the basis of meeting growing
regional demand. The objective of this study is to assist
the attempt by: (i) identifying the opportunities for gas
trade through cross-border gas pipelines and LNG; (ii)
assessing the economic and political aspects of the
identified projects; (iii) presenting financing and
implementation schemes that utilize the synergy between the
public and private sector in project formulation and
development; and (iv) reviewing the legal...
Link permanente para citações:
Africa Gas Initiative : Volume 1. Main Report
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: ESMAP Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH; EN_US
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#BARREL#BIOMASS#CARBON#CARBON DIOXIDE#CARBON EMISSIONS#CARBON MONOXIDE#COMMERCIAL ENERGY#CONSTRUCTION#DEFORESTATION#DIESEL#DIESEL OIL
The Africa Gas Initiative (AGI) has been
established by the Oil and Gas Division of the World Bank,
to promote the utilization of natural gas in Sub-Saharan
Africa. The study focuses on coastal countries - Angola,
Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, and Gabon - along the
West African coastline, and the Gulf of Guinea, where most
of the region's gas reserves are located, and where
significant proportions of the gas produced, is being wasted
through flaring, or venting. Thus, the study's goal is
to end gas flaring, by developing indigenous natural gas
resources for local markets, and export, achieving economic
benefits from gas substitution - through reduced imports, or
increased exports of oil products - and, by improving
environmental conditions at the local, and global levels.
Under the AGI, technical assistance with regard to
institutional, and regulatory framework was conducted in
Cameroon, and Cote d'Ivoire, and, additionally,
analysis of current petroleum fiscal legislation was
undertaken, to review the profitability of gas field
development from the investors' point of view. This
analysis enabled recommendations to respective governments...
Link permanente para citações:
Africa Gas Initiative : Volume 3. Cameroon
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: ESMAP Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH; EN_US
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#AND GAS#BARREL#BASINS#BIOMASS#BOILERS#BREWERIES#CALCULATION#CONSTRUCTION#CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS#CRUDE OIL#CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION
The Africa Gas Initiative (AGI) has been
established by the Oil and Gas Division of the World Bank,
to promote the utilization of natural gas in Sub-Saharan
Africa. The study focuses on coastal countries - Angola,
Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, and Gabon - along the
West African coastline, and the Gulf of Guinea, where most
of the region's gas reserves are located, and where
significant proportions of the gas produced, is being wasted
through flaring, or venting. Thus, the study's goal is
to end gas flaring, by developing indigenous natural gas
resources for local markets, and export, achieving economic
benefits from gas substitution - through reduced imports, or
increased exports of oil products - and, by improving
environmental conditions at the local, and global levels.
Under the AGI, technical assistance with regard to
institutional, and regulatory framework was conducted in
Cameroon, and Cote d'Ivoire, and, additionally,
analysis of current petroleum fiscal legislation was
undertaken, to review the profitability of gas field
development from the investors' point of view. This
analysis enabled recommendations to respective governments...
Link permanente para citações:
Africa Gas Initiative : Volume 5. Cote d'Ivoire
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: ESMAP Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH; EN_US
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#AMMONIA#BARREL#BIOMASS#CHARCOAL PRODUCTION#COMMERCIAL FUELS#CONSTRUCTION#CRUDE OIL#CYCLE GAS#DEFORESTATION#DOWNSTREAM GAS#ECONOMICS
The Africa Gas Initiative (AGI) has been
established by the Oil and Gas Division of the World Bank,
to promote the utilization of natural gas in Sub-Saharan
Africa. The study focuses on coastal countries - Angola,
Cameroon, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, and Gabon - along the
West African coastline, and the Gulf of Guinea, where most
of the region's gas reserves are located, and where
significant proportions of the gas produced, is being wasted
through flaring, or venting. Thus, the study's goal is
to end gas flaring, by developing indigenous natural gas
resources for local markets, and export, achieving economic
benefits from gas substitution - through reduced imports, or
increased exports of oil products - and, by improving
environmental conditions at the local, and global levels.
Under the AGI, technical assistance with regard to
institutional, and regulatory framework was conducted in
Cameroon, and Cote d'Ivoire, and, additionally,
analysis of current petroleum fiscal legislation was
undertaken, to review the profitability of gas field
development from the investors' point of view. This
analysis enabled recommendations to respective governments...
Link permanente para citações:
Turkey : Gas Sector Strategy
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: ESMAP Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH; EN_US
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#AUCTION#AVAILABILITY#BALANCE#CLEAN ENERGY#COAL#COMMERCIALIZATION#COMPETITION POLICY#COMPETITIVE ENERGIES#COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT#COMPETITIVE GAS MARKET#COMPETITIVE WHOLESALE MARKET
The purpose of this note is to assist
policymakers by proposing a pragmatic and flexible program
of change which will enable Turkey to develop a modernized
gas market structure. The note is supportive of the
objectives of the natural gas market law and does not call
for fundamental changes in it. Rather, it suggests some
modification of the law's present rigidities. The
context for the note includes several implementation
concerns and questions raised by the incumbent gas monopoly,
Turkish National Gas Company, government institutions and
the private sector.
Link permanente para citações:
Vietnam - Gas Sector Development Framework : Final Report
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
Tipo: Economic & Sector Work :: Other Environmental Study
ENGLISH
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#AIR CONDITIONING#ALTERNATIVE FUEL#AMMONIA#APPROACH#ASSOCIATED GAS#BALANCE#BASINS#BILATERAL DONORS#BURNER TIP#CARBON#CARBON CONTENT
Vietnam's gas sector is at a
critical point. Vietnam's gas industry, from the
producing field to the end-user, is already a vital
component of the nation's energy economy and has the
potential for major growth. Successes in the past decade
have created a strong prospective demand for gas. However,
Vietnam has begun to experience gas shortages. If the gas
sector is to meet the rising demand for gas, there are
challenges that must be addressed promptly. If certain key
decisions are not made soon, these gas shortages can be
expected to worsen with potentially serious economic
impacts. To achieve its stated objectives for developing
national gas resources, Vietnam must seek to create a
'moving train' of projects that will convert gas
resources into proven reserves and production. It must also
stimulate investment in the development of the requisite
pipeline infrastructure as well as incentivize investment in
gas consuming loads downstream such as power plants. And
this will require gas pricing in consuming sectors
(particularly the electricity sector) to be appropriately
linked with gas pricing in the upstream gas exploration and
production sector. Much remains to be done if Vietnam is to
realize the potential it sees in its gas resources. This
report proposes a vision...
Link permanente para citações:
Nigeria Strategic Gas Plan
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: ESMAP Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH; EN_US
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#ALTERNATIVE USES#AMMONIA#BARREL#BIOMASS#CARBON#CARBON CREDIT#COMMERCIAL POWER#COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS#CRUDE OIL#CYCLE GAS#DEMAND FOR ENERGY
The study underlines the
government's strategic role in promoting proactive gas
development schemes, and the drive for change in gas flaring
reduction, for better use of Nigeria's gas resources.
It is an analysis and integration of independent proposals
from international oil companies to the Government of
Nigeria for gas utilization projects. The elements and
policy framework are evaluated, so as to formulate a
consolidated development plan for the country's gas
resources, through a series of viable projects. It covers
the basic elements of gas supply, the uses for gas, the
sequence involved in gas planning evaluations, the
background issues for gas planning - for Nigeria, and the
development of a Stage I Gas Management Model.
Link permanente para citações:
Review of the Master Plan for Gas Development in Southern Vietnam
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
Tipo: Economic & Sector Work :: Other Infrastructure Study; Economic & Sector Work
ENGLISH; EN_US
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#AIR CONDITIONING#ALTERNATE FUELS#ALTERNATIVE FUEL#ALTERNATIVE FUELS#APPROACH#ASSOCIATED GAS#AVAILABILITY#BALANCE#BASINS#BIDDING#BORDER PRICE
This report is prepared under contract
to the World Bank as part of a review of PetroVietnam's
(PV's) Gas Master Plan (GMP) for Southern Vietnam for
the period 2006-2015, with an orientation to 2020. The
review is to consider, in particular, the realism of the
Master Plan, whether it represents the best use of resources
both natural and financial and the sustainability of the
plan in the context of development in Southern Vietnam. It
should review constraints and opportunities and identify any
shortcomings which are critical to achievement of the GMP.
This Workshop Version Report has been prepared following the
receipt of comments on a previous Inception Report from the
World Bank and Vietnam's Ministry of Industry (MOI) and
is an updated version of that report.
Link permanente para citações:
An Assessment of the Potential Costs and Benefits to New Jersey from Shale Gas Extraction in Pennsylvania and an Examination of Cost Mitigation Strategies
Fonte: Universidade Duke
Publicador: Universidade Duke
Tipo: Masters' Project
Publicado em 29/09/2011
EN_US
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Shale gas extraction in the United States has increased considerably over the last three years. President Obama and many Republican and Democratic members of Congress hail this increase as vital to energy security and a substantial step toward energy independence. Concurrently, numerous environmental organizations have voiced concerns about the effects shale gas extraction has on water resources and air quality.
The Marcellus Shale, which underlies much of the Northeast, is a rock formation that has become a major source of shale gas. Pennsylvania, in particular, has seen shale gas extraction increase from 9,800,000 Mcf (thousand cubic feet) in 2008 to 271,800,000 Mcf in the six month period between July 2010 and December 2010, the latest time period for which data is available. Production in Pennsylvania is projected to increase even more in future years. New Jersey has no substantial shale gas plays, but it abuts the Marcellus Shale deposit, and is downwind (especially during the winter) and downstream from shale gas development in Pennsylvania. To date, no studies examining the economic and environmental benefits New Jersey will realize, or the environmental costs New Jersey will incur as a result of this shale gas extraction...
Link permanente para citações:
Multi-criteria evaluation of the expansion of natural gas distribution network by the urban dynamics (doi: 10.4090/juee.2010.v4n2.055062)
Fonte: JUEE Press
Publicador: JUEE Press
Tipo: info:eu-repo/semantics/article; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion;
Formato: application/pdf
Publicado em 13/06/2011
ENG
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#Civil Engineering#Urban and Regional Planning#Energy Planning#urban development#infrastructure#natural gas#energy planning#city of São Paulo (Brazil).
The objective of this work is to analyze the expansion of the infrastructure of natural gas distribution, identifying priorities from large metropolis using the energy planning based on urban design tools like urban dynamics and techniques like AHP. The methodology proposed uses matrices considering the relations between the concept of urban dynamics, quality of life and the possibilities of natural gas displacing other energy forms. The matrices are made up of information about social and urban development, costs of establishing the infrastructure and projections of the consumption potential in various sectors. Relating the consumption to urban development parameters and the real estate future of the areas in study, the methodology allows to indicate the viability of a gas network for each district. As conclusion, the model presents the integration between the cities profile and the natural gas use, by means of a growing natural gas use in districts of São Paulo City as a specific case study.
Link permanente para citações: