Biblioteca Digital

Na sociedade de massas, os processos de comunicação dos grupos estão, de modo imediato, sob a influência dos meios de comunicação de massa ou intermediados por líderes de opinião. Partindo de questões como a opinião pública, a identidade cultural e a contextualização histórica e social, esta pesquisa focou-se nos processos de censura ao teatro profissional presentes no Arquivo Miroel Silveira, bem como sobre as páginas dos principais veículos de mídia impressa da cidade de São Paulo. O universo de amostra contemplou peças que contêm abaixo-assinados, telegramas, cartas e manifestos populares em seus processos de censura: Perdoa-me Por Me Traíres, de Nelson Rodrigues (1957), censurada em nome da defesa da moral e dos bons costumes; A Semente, de Gianfrancesco Guarnieri (1961), com encenação restrita a um só teatro por abordar questões ideológicas; e Roda Viva, de Chico Buarque (1968), que depois de dois atentados a depredação do Teatro Ruth Escobar em São Paulo e a agressão ao elenco em Porto Alegre foi censurada pelo Governo Federal. Quanto ao estudo da imprensa, todos os jornais pesquisados mantêm relação cronológica com as peças selecionadas. Paralelamente, efetuou-se uma investigação em Portugal com o objetivo de delinear as relações de poder que estruturam a prática censória nos países de língua portuguesa. A peça escolhida para estudo além-mar foi A Promessa...

Através de dois artigos -- um de revisão bibliográfica e um empírico --, este trabalho analisa a opinião pública mexicana sobre os efeitos do NAFTA -- Tratado Norte-Americano de Livre Comércio -- em 2010, após 16 anos de sua entrada em vigor. Explora-se o caso mexicano com o objetivo de se alcançar uma compreensão mais atualizada sobre como as populações latino-americanas respondem aos efeitos de uma das facetas da reestruturação neoliberal -- os acordos regionais de comércio --, superado o traumático impacto inicial sobre a estrutura de produção e de consumo dos países. Tendo em vista que o tema da opinião pública ainda é alvo de críticas e centro de um caloroso debate dentro das comunidades acadêmicas e das esferas de poder político, e que sua utilização, tanto para fins de pesquisa acadêmica quanto para justificação de políticas públicas, ainda é questionada, o primeiro artigo se apoia em prática e evidências científicas para demonstrar que a opinião pública é um fenômeno estável, mensurável e, em última instância, previsível. Estabelece-se neste primeiro artigo uma revisão bibliográfica e uma agenda para a análise da relação entre opinião pública e política externa. Justificada a utilização da opinião pública como evidência científica concreta e confiável...

A finalidade dessa dissertação de mestrado é apresentar uma proposta de criação de tipologia da Opinião Pública em relação à Política Externa Brasileira. Para isso, foi utilizada a pesquisa survey Opinião Pública o Brasil, a América e o Mundo, realizada em 2011 pelo Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicos CDE em parceria com o Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de São Paulo IRI/USP. E, para a criação da tipologia, foi usada como base a pesquisa de Eugene Wittkof, Faces of Internacionalism Public Opinion in American Foreign Policy (1990), onde abordou os padrões das elites e da massa em relação ao grau de apoio ao envolvimento internacional dos Estados Unidos. Dessa forma, foi criado quatro grupos de atitude em Política Externa: Isolacionista, Internacionalista, Conciliadores e Intervencionista. Para criar a tipologia brasileira, os grupos foram adaptados para a realidade do país e foram recriados: Isolacionista, Internacionalista Soft Line, Internacionalista Moderado e Internacionalista Hard Line. O presente trabalho tomará como base algumas perspectivas teóricas do debate de Análise de Política Externa e de Opinião Pública, com o intuito de buscar entender como a sociedade brasileira opinião pública - se posiciona em relação à postura do Brasil no sistema internacional...

A modernidade que se desenhava nos anos 1950 nos dois maiores centros urbanos brasileiros, fundamentada na posse e consumo de bens industrializados, contrastava com o Brasil predominantemente rural. À medida que a população se urbanizava, novos produtos, que caracterizavam um padrão de vida urbano e moderno, incorporam-se ao consumo dos brasileiros: o automóvel, a televisão, o aspirador de pó, a enceradeira, a geladeira e centenas de outros produtos, frutos do capitalismo industrial. Desenvolvimento, para a maioria da população, significava a posse destes bens duráveis. Inicialmente, o estilo de vida moderno espraiou-se nos grandes centros urbanos, entre o empresariado e a classe média alta, posteriormente, pela força dos meios de comunicação - rádio e televisão - atingiu as classes menos privilegiadas. As pesquisas de opinião pública do IBOPE ? que fundamentam este trabalho ?, depositadas no Arquivo Edgard Leuenroth, constituem-se em rica fonte documental para quem pretende estudar o comportamento dos moradores dos grandes centros urbanos brasileiros, pois trazem à tona o cotidiano de homens e mulheres que vivenciaram os anos 1950 e passaram a consumir determinados bens, quer seja materiais ou simbólicos, atrelados a um processo mundial: a formação da sociedade de consumo; The modernity developed during the years of 1950 at the two biggest brazilian urban centers...

In his Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment (1784), Kant puts forward his belief that the vocation to think freely, which humankind is endowed with, is bound to make sure that “the public use of reason” will at last act “even on the fundamental principles of government and the state [will] find it agreeable to treat man – who is now more than a machine – in accord with his dignity”. The critical reference to La Mettrie (1747), by opposing the machine to human dignity, will echo, in the dawn of the 20th century, in Bergson’s attempt to explain humor. Besides being exclusive to humans, humor is also a social phenomenon. Freud (1905) assures that pleasure originated by humor is collective, it results from a “social process”: jokes need an audience, a “third party”, in order to work and have fun. Assuming humor as a social and cultural phenomenon, this paper intends to sustain that it played a role in the framing of the public sphere and of public opinion in Portugal during the transition from Absolute Monarchy to Liberalism. The search for the conditions which made possible the critical exercise of sociability is at the root of the creation of the public sphere in the sense developed by Habermas (1962)...

Public Opinion Quarterly at its outset focused heavily on the influences on public opinion, predicated on the assumption of its strong impact on politics and policymaking. Has this assumption been borne out? This essay reviews the research on the influence of American public opinion on policymaking that began to use survey data first to examine the legislative representation and then national-level and state-level policies. POQ’s assumption has been confirmed by a substantial connection, overall, between public opinion and policymaking in the United States. Although this general finding is striking, there are limits to what we can conclude from it about American democracy. This raises important questions for future research and in ongoing debates about major issues before the nation, for which the public holds its leaders accountable.

The United States has been increasingly concerned with the transnational threat posed by infectious diseases. Effective policy implementation to contain the spread of these diseases requires active engagement and support of the American public. To influence American public opinion and enlist support for related domestic and foreign policies, both domestic agencies and international organizations have framed infectious diseases as security threats, human rights disasters, economic risks, and as medical dangers. This study investigates whether American attitudes and opinions about infectious diseases are influenced by how the issue is framed. It also asks which issue frame has been most influential in shaping public opinion about global infectious diseases when people are exposed to multiple frames. The impact of media frames on public perception of infectious diseases is examined through content analysis of newspaper reports. Stories on SARS, avian flu, and HIV/AIDS were sampled from coverage in The New York Times and The Washington Post between 1999 and 2007. Surveys of public opinion on infectious diseases in the same time period were also drawn from databases like Health Poll Search and iPoll. Statistical analysis tests the relationship between media framing of diseases and changes in public opinion. Results indicate that no one frame was persuasive across all diseases. The economic frame had a significant effect on public opinion about SARS...

Recent studies diverge in their assessments of the extent to which Japanese public opinion may have an influence in foreign policy-making. Societal participation has traditionally not played a significant role in policy formation. This view has been strongly represented in academia until today. Over the 1990s a visible change and an emerging societal activism was taking place in Japan. Research has only recently begun to understand how, and to what extend, public opinion affects the policy-making process on salient domestic issues, but we know far less about the relationship to and effects of public opinion on Japan’s foreign policy-making. The aim of this PhD thesis is to take a closer look at the possible impact of public opinion in Japanese foreign policy decision-making during the leadership of Prime Minister Koizumi (2001-2006). More precisely, to identify and test conditions, which facilitate the impact of public opinion in the foreign policy decision-making processes of Japan. The results shall contribute to explanations of governmental behavior during a strong prime ministerial leadership. Further evidence shall be given, how and when a strong leader chooses to react to public opinion. Methods used in this study are cases study analysis and process-tracing. Reconstruction and interpretation as well as standardized...

As the Latin@ population of the United States grows and the “Sleeping Giant” is expected to play a more significant role in the nation’s elections and governance more attention must be paid to the factors influencing Latin@ public opinion and political behavior on a myriad of issues. While there is a growing literature addressing Latin@ partisanship and opinion on issues such as morality and social welfare programs, there is a dearth of information regarding their opinion on foreign affairs and policy outside of Latin America. We review the limited studies that exist examining Latin@ opinion on policy issues and then explain why this can and will matter in Latin@ voting behavior and finally, using data from the 2006 Pew Hispanic Center survey on Latin@s and Religion in the U.S., we explain how such factors as religion, country of origin and ideology influence Latin@ public opinion on foreign affairs demonstrating a need for much greater study in this area.; A medida que la población latina de los Estados Unidos crece, se espera que el "gigante dormido" desempeñe un papel más importante en las elecciones presidenciales y el gobierno debe prestar más atención a los factores que influyen en la opinión pública latina y el comportamiento político de una gran variedad de temas. Si bien existe una bibliografía cada vez mayor para abordar el partidismo latina y opinión acerca de asuntos tales como la moralidad y programas de bienestar social...

Approved for public release, distribution unlimited; Is public support for military intervention as susceptible to mounting casualties and other costs as many in the media, government leaders, and scholars believe when the conflicts become prolonged? During such conflicts, how does public opinion affect presidential decision making? At first glance, it seems that changes in presidential policy are influenced by public opinion, but further research indicates that presidents' concerns about public opinion and approval do not always cause changes in their policies. This is due to continued public support for sustained war efforts, despite increasing casualties and other costs of war.; US Navy (USN) author.

This article argues that what we now call public diplomacy emerged in the mid- to late 1930s in the case of Japan. It questions the notion that public diplomacy is new in contrast to 'traditional' diplomacy. It also questions the conventional understanding of Japan's diplomatic isolationism of the 1930s. The article argues that as a result of greater mass political participation, the idea of 'international public opinion' emerged as a new norm in inter-war international politics. States increasingly regarded news and cultural activities as crucial resources of their soft power for winning this international public opinion. Responding to technological developments in communications, they developed a more systematic approach to propaganda in order to utilize these resources in mainstream foreign policy. Even in the age of the socalled rise of nationalism and diplomatic isolationism, Japan could neither afford not to respond to other states' actions nor to ignore international public opinion. In the diplomatic crises of the 1930s, Japan began to coordinate news and cultural propaganda activities, and integrated them into a broader propaganda scheme. Here we see the origin of what is now called public diplomacy. This modern and internationalist thinking then prepared the institutional base for wartime propaganda.

Although evidence varies, the process of globalisation has produced concern among the public in terms of its possible effects on job security. Our objective is to discover some of the determinants of the variation in public opinion on this issue. We analyse public opinion about the effects of globalisation on job security [using a multi-response item] based on the Asia-Europe Study (ASES) study of 18,000 respondents in nine Asian and nine European countries, which studies regions and globalisation. We use multinomial logistic regression techniques to determine the factors that are significant in explaining variation in responses on job security including: demographics, economic situation, value orientations, national political and policy attitudes, and selected economic and migration data. Regression models are specified for the respective regions. Important findings from the results for Europe are that measures of economic insecurity, worries about immigration, dissatisfaction with national government performance and political values are positively associated with ‘bad effect’ responses. In Asia, there is strong support for the good effects of globalisation on job security, especially among younger respondents. Importantly, this support appears to be more widespread and is not predicted by 'winner status' (education and living standards) as is the case for Europe. Our conclusions are: negative attitudes to the job effects of globalisation in Europe are in part values-driven and that national government performance on unemployment - which has been generally dismal - matters in determining opinion about this issue. Combined with evidence from the survey...

O tema central, enfocado nesta leitura do Mênon de Platão, é a relação entre dóxa alethés e opinião pública. São temas secundários, o ensino da virtude, o contexto político, as matemáticas e a epistéme aplicada à política. A questão nasce da pergunta inicial do diálogo sobre a maneira de adquirir a virtude. Mênon desejava a virtude tal como era concebida em seu meio: a glória, a fama, a boa reputação e, por conseguinte, o poder, ou seja, ele desejava a virtude política. O conturbado processo político da polis rumo à democratização, aliado à noção de virtude como fama, torna evidente a importância da dinamização da opinião pública na luta entre as facções e no reconhecimento da virtude política. Platão admite essa condição da prática política. Segundo o Timeu, o único conhecimento possível do mundo dos sólidos é o conhecimento opiniático. A prática política se desenrola no mundo dos sólidos, portanto é guiada pela opinião. Porém, há opiniões que são verdadeiras e há opiniões que conduzem à aporia, além de serem fugidias, pois o objeto deste tipo de conhecimento são os sólidos, que estão no mundo do devir. O Timeu ensina que o demiurgo tem sempre opiniões verdadeiras sobre o mundo por ele ordenado...

As the realm of social life where public opinion forms, the public sphere has been the focus of much theoretical debate and empirical operationalization in political sociology. However, by conceptualizing the public sphere as a nationally circumscribed and normatively defined space that excludes governance institutions, much existing research provides a limited set of tools to define and assess the structure of a supranational public sphere. A deeply integrated supranational polity, the European Union (EU) provides a revealing terrain for tracing the structure of a public sphere emerging between national politics and supranational institutions. In this dissertation, I delineate the contours of the supranational public sphere in the EU by exploring the subjective meanings, national political influences, and institutional interpretation of public opinion about political integration in the EU. I answer the following questions: (1) How salient is EU political integration among Europeans, and what does this concept mean to them? (2) How does Europeans' awareness about EU political integration vary across policies, time and social strata? (3) How is public opinion on EU political integration shaped by national political discourse, as reflected in the positions of national parties? (4) How do officials at the European Commission (EC) measure and interpret public opinion data...

Presentación de la figura y del texto “Hacia una Ciencia de la opinión pública” de Floyd H. Allport, en que describe un conjunto de ficciones y callejones sin salida sobre la utilización del concepto opinión pública, para posteriormente detallar los acuerdos comunes y distinciones analíticas con el propósito de habilitar el concepto de opinión pública para el uso científico.; Presentation of the figure and of the Floyd H. Allport's "Toward a Science of public opinion". In this presentation we describe a group of fictions and "culde-sacs" on the utilisation of the "public opinion" concept. Later we detail the common agreements and the analytical distinctions with the purpose to enable this concept for scientific use.

Este artigo se relaciona a resultados de pesquisa junto a Projeto Temático com apoio da Fapesp desenvolvido a partir do Arquivo Miroel Silveira da ECA-USP. Em nosso eixo de pesquisa, temos investigado as manifestações no jornalismo a respeito da censura a peças e autores teatrais mais proeminentes no cenário cultural brasileiro. Partimos do pressuposto de que quando o jornalismo se manifesta sobre a censura ele o faz em sintonia com a opinião pública. Assim, apresentamos considerações sobre a natureza da opinião pública, os resultados obtidos com nossa pesquisa, até o momento, e compartilhamos nossos achados sobre as condições de conexão entre jornalismo e opinião pública.; This paper concerns an extensive research on censorship, funded by Fapesp and developed from the Archive Miroel Silveira. In our research line, we investigate journalism manifestations regarding the censorship of stage plays and expressive theatrical authors in the Brazilian cultural dimension. We keep the presupposition that when journalism manifests itself about censorship, he does so in tune with the public opinion. In this article, we present considerations about the nature of public opinion, the results obtained with our research, until this moment...

Message framing is a common strategy that politicians, government officials, and the media use when communicating with the public about environmental issues. However, message frames about environmental regulations are often misleading, potentially reinforcing misinformation and misperceptions among the voting public. This may translate into a net shift in the level of public support for or opposition against environmental policies and regulations. With this paper, I attempt to answer the following policy question: how does message framing affect public opinion about environmental regulations? I first analyze a sample of polling data from the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research’s iPOLL Databank to: 1) identify the most commonly used environmental message frames over the past decade (2004-2014), and 2) determine how these frames affect survey results. Then, using these message frames, I conduct a survey of the voting public to examine whether persuasive pro-environmental messaging can elicit survey responses that differ from observed historical patterns. I find that message frames emphasizing environmental regulations’ benefits to public health and economic growth generate more pro-environmental responses than frames that simply stress the need for environmental protection. Environmental groups who engage in future policymaking and advocacy efforts can use these findings to inform more effective message framing strategies that may prompt the public to express greater support for environmental regulations and environmental issues in general.

This study explored the factors associated with state-level allocations to tobacco-control programs. The primary research question was whether public sentiment regarding tobacco control was a significant factor in the states' 2001 budget decisions. In addition to public opinion, several additional political and economic measures were considered. Significant associations were found between our outcome, state-level tobacco-control funding per capita, and key variables of interest including public opinion, amount of tobacco settlement received, the party affiliation of the governor, the state's smoking rate, excise tax revenue received, and whether the state was a major producer of tobacco. The findings from this study supported our hypothesis that states with citizens who favor more restrictive indoor air policies allocate more to tobacco control. Effective public education to change public opinion and the cultural norms surrounding smoking may affect political decisions and, in turn, increase funding for crucial public health programs.; This research was supported by a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (#039787), as part of the Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center at Yale and an AHRQ Training Grant supporting Yale Ph.D. students.

This paper examines countervailing South African public opinion on the subject of prostitution in South Africa, and identifies the factors which might influence these attitudes. It also investigates the complex relationship between public opinion and the law. Whilst engaging in prostitution constitutes a criminal offence under the Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957, it is generally ignored by the police, which results in a quasi-legalised reality on the ground. In recent years there has been growing demand for the decriminalisation of prostitution, and as a result the issue is currently under consideration by the South African Law Reform Commission. The Commission released a Discussion Paper on Adult ProSstitution in May 2009, and is expected to make recommendations to parliament for legal reform in this area. An exploratory survey of 512 South Africans revealed interesting correlations between opinion on prostitution and both demographic characteristics (including gender, age, race and education level) and so-called "social" characteristics (including religiosity, belief in the importance of gender equality, the acceptance of rape myths, and a belief that prostitutes have no other options). The survey reveals two key findings in respect of the attitudes of South Africans to prostitution. Firstly...