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## Uma justificava da validade do teorema fundamental da álgebra para o ensino médio

Nicacio, Nilson Herminio
Fonte: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; BR; UFRN; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática em Rede Nacional; Álgebra; Análise matemática; Ensino de matemática; Geometria e topologia; Matemática aplicada Publicador: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte; BR; UFRN; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática em Rede Nacional; Álgebra; Análise matemática; Ensino de matemática; Geometria e topologia; Matemática aplicada
Tipo: Dissertação Formato: application/pdf
POR
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Among several theorems which are taught in basic education some of them can be proved in the classroom and others do not, because the degree of difficulty of its formal proof. A classic example is the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra which is not proved, it is necessary higher-level knowledge in mathematics. In this paper, we justify the validity of this theorem intuitively using the software Geogebra. And, based on [2] we will present a clear formal proof of this theorem that is addressed to school teachers and undergraduate students in mathematics; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior; Dentre os vários teoremas que são ensinados na educação básica, alguns podem ser demonstrados em sala de aula e outros não, devido o grau de dificuldade de sua prova formal. Um exemplo clássico e o Teorema Fundamental da Algébra, que não é demonstrado, pois é necessário conhecimentos em Matemática de nível superior. Neste trabalho, justicamos intuitivamente a validade do Teorema Fundamental da Algebra usando o software Geogebra. E, baseados em [2], apresentamos uma clara demonstração formal desse teorema que está endereçada aos professores do ensino básico e alunos de licenciatura em Matemática

## Causal attributions for success or failure by passing and failing students in College Algebra

Cortes-Suarez, Georgina
Fonte: FIU Digital Commons Publicador: FIU Digital Commons
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
EN
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Success in mathematics has been identified as a predictor of baccalaureate degree completion. Within the coursework of college mathematics, College Algebra has been identified as a high-risk course due to its low success rates. ^ Research in the field of attribution theory and academic achievement suggests a relationship between a student's attributional style and achievement. Theorists and researchers contend that attributions influence individual reactions to success and failure. They also report that individuals use attributions to explain and justify their performance. Studies in mathematics education identify attribution theory as the theoretical orientation most suited to explain academic performance in mathematics. This study focused on the relationship among a high risk course, low success rates, and attribution by examining the difference in the attributions passing and failing students gave for their performance in College Algebra. ^ The methods for the study included a pilot administration of the Causal Dimension Scale (CDSII) which was used to conduct reliability and principal component analyses. Then, students (n = 410) self-reported their performance on an in-class test and attributed their performance along the dimensions of locus of causality...

## An investigation into the effects of introducing algebra using a function-based approach

Sterritt, Nicola
Fonte: University of Limerick Publicador: University of Limerick
Tipo: info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis; all_ul_research; ul_published_reviewed; ul_theses_dissertations
ENG
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peer-reviewed; Ireland is currently witnessing a major overhaul of its mathematics syllabus for second level education. This syllabus is known as ‘Project Maths’ and came about as a results of concerns relating to the mathematics performance of students in Ireland in international comparative studies such as the PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) tests (Close & Oldham 2005; Cosgrove, Shiel, Sofroniou, Zastrutzki & Shortt 2005; Perkins, Moran, Cosgrove and Shiel 2010; Oldham 2002, 2006). The author found inspiration for this research when she identified concerns in her own classroom. These concerns were two-fold; firstly the author found that first year students began secondary school with a poor attitude towards mathematics and secondly, the author found that first year students had a lot of difficulty grasping and retaining basic algebraic concepts. The author followed an action research approach to implementing an intervention in her classroom aimed at overcoming these problems. In the first phase of this research, the author carried out a comprehensive review of literature on affect pertaining to mathematics education and on the teaching and learning of algebra. As a result of this review, the author decided to use a function-based approach to teaching algebra as a means of improving students understanding of basic algebra. A collaborative peer learning environment was chosen as the main pedagogical tool for improving attitude towards mathematics. The second phase of this research saw the development and implementation of an intervention in the author’s classroom during which fourth year students tutored first year students. Quantitative and qualitative data was gathered during this phase. The third phase comprised of an analysis of data...

## The Lie algebra perturbation lemma

Huebschmann, Johannes
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
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Let g be a differential graded Lie algebra and suppose given a contraction of chain complexes of g onto a general chain complex M. We show that the data determine an sh-Lie algebra structure on M, that is, a coalgebra perturbation of the coalgebra differential on the cofree coaugmented differential graded cocommutative coalgebra S' on the suspension of M, a Lie algebra twisting cochain from the perturbed coalgebra S" to the given Lie algebra g, and an extension of this Lie algebra twisting cochain to a contraction of chain complexes from the Cartan-Chevalley-Eilenberg coalgebra on g onto S" which is natural in the data. This extends a result established in a joint paper of the author with J. Stashef [Forum math. 14 (2002), 847-868, math.AG/9906036] where only the particular where M is the homology of g has been explored.; Comment: 20 pages; in view of a number of comments of J. Stasheff, the exposition has been improved

## Commutative Algebra of Statistical Ranking

Sturmfels, Bernd; Welker, Volkmar
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
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A model for statistical ranking is a family of probability distributions whose states are orderings of a fixed finite set of items. We represent the orderings as maximal chains in a graded poset. The most widely used ranking models are parameterized by rational function in the model parameters, so they define algebraic varieties. We study these varieties from the perspective of combinatorial commutative algebra. One of our models, the Plackett-Luce model, is non-toric. Five others are toric: the Birkhoff model, the ascending model, the Csiszar model, the inversion model, and the Bradley-Terry model. For these models we examine the toric algebra, its lattice polytope, and its Markov basis.; Comment: 25 pages

## Random Sampling in Computational Algebra: Helly Numbers and Violator Spaces

De Loera, Jesús A.; Petrović, Sonja; Stasi, Despina
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
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This paper transfers a randomized algorithm originally used in geometric optimization to computational commutative algebra. We show that Clarkson's sampling algorithm can be applied to two problems in computational algebra: solving large-scale polynomial systems, for which we utilize a Helly-type result for algebraic varieties, and finding small generating sets of graded ideals. The cornerstone of our work is showing that the theory of violator spaces of G\"artner et al.\ applies to these polynomial ideal problems. The resulting algorithms have expected runtime linear in the number of input polynomials, making the method particularly interesting for handling systems with very large numbers of polynomials, but whose rank in the vector space of polynomials is small (e.g., when the number of variables is constant).; Comment: 14 pages; corrected Example 3.2; added some references; results unchanged

## Factorization in $SL_n(R)$ with elementary matrices when $R$ is the disk algebra and the Wiener algebra

Sasane, Amol
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
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Let $R$ be the polydisc algebra or the Wiener algebra. It is shown that the group $SL_n(R)$ is generated by the subgroup of elementary matrices with all diagonal entries $1$ and at most one nonzero off-diagonal entry. The result an easy consequence of the deep result due to Ivarsson and Kutzschebauch (Ann. of Math. 2012).; Comment: 5 pages

## The sh-Lie algebra perturbation Lemma

Huebschmann, Johannes
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
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Let R be a commutative ring which contains the rationals as a subring and let g be a chain complex. Suppose given an sh-Lie algebra structure on g, that is, a coalgebra perturbation of the coalgebra differential on the cofree coaugmented differential graded cocommutative coalgebra T' on the suspension of g and write the perturbed coalgebra as T". Suppose, furthermore, given a contraction of g onto a chain complex M. We show that the data determine an sh-Lie algebra structure on M, that is, a coalgebra perturbation of the coalgebra differential on the cofree coaugmented differential graded cocommutative coalgebra S' on the suspension of M, a Lie algebra twisting cochain from the perturbed coalgebra S" to the loop Lie algebra L on the perturbed coalgebra T", and an extension of this Lie algebra twisting cochain to a contraction of chain complexes from the Cartan-Chevalley-Eilenberg coalgebra on L onto S" which is natural in the data. For the special case where M and g are connected we also construct an explicit extension of the perturbed retraction to an sh-Lie map. This approach includes a very general solution of the master equation.; Comment: 20 pages

## Algebra retracts and Stanley-Reisner rings

Epstein, Neil; Nguyen, Hop D.
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
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In a paper from 2002, Bruns and Gubeladze conjectured that graded algebra retracts of polytopal algebras over a field $k$ are again polytopal algebras. Motivated by this conjecture, we prove that graded algebra retracts of Stanley-Reisner rings over a field $k$ are again Stanley-Reisner rings. Extending this result further, we give partial evidence for a conjecture saying that monomial quotients of standard graded polynomial rings over $k$ descend along graded algebra retracts.; Comment: Incorporating several useful suggestions due to a referee. To appear in Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra

## Torus actions, combinatorial topology and homological algebra

Buchstaber, Victor M.; Panov, Taras E.
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
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The paper surveys some new results and open problems connected with such fundamental combinatorial concepts as polytopes, simplicial complexes, cubical complexes, and subspace arrangements. Particular attention is paid to the case of simplicial and cubical subdivisions of manifolds and, especially, spheres. We describe important constructions which allow to study all these combinatorial objects by means of methods of commutative and homological algebra. The proposed approach to combinatorial problems relies on the theory of moment-angle complexes, currently being developed by the authors. The theory centres around the construction that assigns to each simplicial complex $K$ with $m$ vertices a $T^m$-space $\zk$ with a special bigraded cellular decomposition. In the framework of this theory, the well-known non-singular toric varieties arise as orbit spaces of maximally free actions of subtori on moment-angle complexes corresponding to simplicial spheres. We express different invariants of simplicial complexes and related combinatorial-geometrical objects in terms of the bigraded cohomology rings of the corresponding moment-angle complexes. Finally, we show that the new relationships between combinatorics, geometry and topology result in solutions to some well-known topological problems.; Comment: 87 pages...

## Evolution algebra of a "chicken" population

Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
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We consider an evolution algebra which corresponds to a bisexual population with a set of females partitioned into finitely many different types and the males having only one type. We study basic properties of the algebra. This algebra is commutative (and hence flexible), not associative and not necessarily power associative, in general. Moreover it is not unital. A condition is found on the structural constants of the algebra under which the algebra is associative, alternative, power associative, nilpotent, satisfies Jacobi and Jordan identities. In a general case, we describe the full set of idempotent elements and the full set of absolute nilpotent elements. The set of all operators of left (right) multiplications is described. Under some conditions on the structural constants it is proved that the corresponding algebra is centroidal. Moreover the classification of 2-dimensional and some 3-dimensional algebras are obtained.; Comment: 15 pages

## Modular decomposition of the Orlik-Terao algebra of a hyperplane arrangement

Denham, Graham; Garrousian, Mehdi; Tohaneanu, Stefan
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
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Let A be a collection of n linear hyperplanes in k^l, where k is an algebraically closed field. The Orlik-Terao algebra of A is the subalgebra R(A) of the rational functions generated by reciprocals of linear forms vanishing on hyperplanes of A. It determines an irreducible subvariety of projective space. We show that a flat X of A is modular if and only if R(A) is a split extension of the Orlik-Terao algebra of the subarrangement A_X. This provides another refinement of Stanley's modular factorization theorem and a new characterization of modularity, similar in spirit to the modular fibration theorem of Paris. We deduce that if A is supersolvable, then its Orlik-Terao algebra is Koszul. In certain cases, the algebra is also a complete intersection, and we characterize when this happens.; Comment: 23 pages

## Some curiosities of the algebra of bounded Dirichlet series

Mortini, Raymond; Sasane, Amol
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
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It is shown that the algebra of bounded Dirichlet series is not a coherent ring, and has infinite Bass stable rank. As corollaries of the latter result, it is derived that the algebra of bounded Dirichlet series has infinite topological stable rank and infinite Krull dimension.; Comment: 8 pages

## The Aluffi Algebra

Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
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We deal with the quasi-symmetric algebra introduced by Paolo Aluffi, here named (embedded) Aluffi algebra. The algebra is a sort of "intermediate" algebra between the symmetric algebra and the Rees algebra of an ideal, which serves the purpose of introducing the characteristic cycle of a hypersurface in intersection theory. The results described in the present paper have an algebraic flavor and naturally connect with various themes of commutative algebra, such as standard bases \'a la Hironaka, Artin--Rees like questions, Valabrega--Valla ideals, ideals of linear type, relation type and analytic spread. We give estimates for the dimension of the Aluffi algebra and show that, pretty generally, the latter is equidimensional whenever the base ring is a hypersurface ring. There is a converse to this under certain conditions that essentially subsume the setup in Aluffi's theory, thus suggesting that this algebra will not handle cases other than the singular locus of a hypersurface. The torsion and the structure of the minimal primes of the algebra are clarified. In the case of a projective hypersurface the results are more precise and one is naturally led to look at families of projective plane singular curves to understand how the property of being of linear type deforms/specializes for the singular locus of a member. It is fairly elementary to show that the singular locus of an irreducible curve of degree at most 3 is of linear type. This is roundly false in degree larger than 4 and the picture looks pretty wild as we point out by means of some families. Degree 4 is the intriguing case. Here we are able to show that the singular locus of the generic member of a family of rational quartics...

## Duality in algebra and topology

Dwyer, W. G.; Greenlees, J. P. C.; Iyengar, S.
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
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In this paper we take some classical ideas from commutative algebra, mostly ideas involving duality, and apply them in algebraic topology. To accomplish this we interpret properties of ordinary commutative rings in such a way that they can be extended to the more general rings that come up in homotopy theory. Amongst the rings we work with are the differential graded ring of cochains on a space, the differential graded ring of chains on the loop space, and various ring spectra, e.g., the Spanier-Whitehead duals of finite spectra or chromatic localizations of the sphere spectrum. Maybe the most important contribution of this paper is the conceptual framework, which allows us to view all of the following dualities: Poincare duality for manifolds, Gorenstein duality for commutative rings, Benson-Carlson duality for cohomology rings of finite groups, Poincare duality for groups, Gross-Hopkins duality in chromatic stable homotopy theory, as examples of a single phenomenon. Beyond setting up this framework, though, we prove some new results, both in algebra and topology, and give new proofs of a number of old results.; Comment: 49 pages. To appear in the Advances in Mathematics

## Algebraic structures of tropical mathematics

Izhakian, Zur; Knebusch, Manfred; Rowen, Louis
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
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Tropical mathematics often is defined over an ordered cancellative monoid $\tM$, usually taken to be $(\RR, +)$ or $(\QQ, +)$. Although a rich theory has arisen from this viewpoint, cf. [L1], idempotent semirings possess a restricted algebraic structure theory, and also do not reflect certain valuation-theoretic properties, thereby forcing researchers to rely often on combinatoric techniques. In this paper we describe an alternative structure, more compatible with valuation theory, studied by the authors over the past few years, that permits fuller use of algebraic theory especially in understanding the underlying tropical geometry. The idempotent max-plus algebra $A$ of an ordered monoid $\tM$ is replaced by $R: = L\times \tM$, where $L$ is a given indexing semiring (not necessarily with 0). In this case we say $R$ layered by $L$. When $L$ is trivial, i.e, $L=\{1\}$, $R$ is the usual bipotent max-plus algebra. When $L=\{1,\infty\}$ we recover the "standard" supertropical structure with its "ghost" layer. When $L = \NN$ we can describe multiple roots of polynomials via a "layering function" $s: R \to L$. Likewise, one can define the layering $s: R^{(n)} \to L^{(n)}$ componentwise; vectors $v_1, \dots, v_m$ are called tropically dependent if each component of some nontrivial linear combination $\sum \a_i v_i$ is a ghost...

## When the orbit algebra of group is an integral domain? Proof of a conjecture of P.J. Cameron

Pouzet, Maurice
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
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P.J.Cameron introduced the orbit algebra of a permutation group and conjectured that this algebra is an integral domain if and only if the group has no finite orbit. We prove that this conjecture holds and in fact that the age algebra of a relational structure $R$ is an integral domain if and only if $R$ is age-inexhaustible. We deduce these results from a combinatorial lemma asserting that if a product of two non-zero elements of a set algebra is zero then there is a finite common tranversal of their supports. The proof is built on Ramsey theorem and the integrity of a shuffle algebra.; Comment: 19 pages

## A new discriminant algebra construction

Biesel, Owen; Gioia, Alberto
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
Relevância na Pesquisa
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A discriminant algebra operation sends a commutative ring $R$ and an $R$-algebra $A$ of rank $n$ to an $R$-algebra $\Delta_{A/R}$ of rank $2$ with the same discriminant bilinear form. Constructions of discriminant algebra operations have been put forward by Rost, Deligne, and Loos. We present a simpler and more explicit construction that does not break down into cases based on the parity of $n$. We then prove properties of this construction, and compute some examples explicitly.; Comment: 33 pages; the new version has been reorganized to improve readability and contains new examples, as well as a streamlined proof of the main theorem

## Elimination and nonlinear equations of Rees algebra

Busé, Laurent; Chardin, Marc; Simis, Aron
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica