Biblioteca Digital

A maioria das cooperativas brasileiras preocupa-se em avaliar periodicamente apenas sua dimensão econômico-financeira, esquecendo-se de considerar que esse tipo de empresa é também uma sociedade de pessoas que tem, como objetivo principal, a prestação de serviços a seus associados. A introdução de indicadores sócio-econômicos, entendido como aqueles que refletem o desempenho social das cooperativas, visa justamente aprimorar os modelos, hoje existentes, de avaliação financeira de cooperativas agropecuárias. O presente estudo adquire importância na medida em que se fundamenta no elevado volume de crédito alocado no segmento cooperativista agropecuário brasileiro, acima de 3 bilhões de reais, em 1997, somente através de seu maior credor, o Banco do Brasil, onde cerca de 50% encontravam-se, à época, em situação de inadimplência. Utilizou-se, como embasamento teórico para este estudo, a Teoria da Agência, enfocando a relação entre administradores da cooperativa e associados como uma típica relação "agente-principal". Partindo-se dessa teoria, foram escolhidos três indicadores sócio-econômicos e um modelo logit oi ajustado com a finalidade de testar a influência dos mesmos na previsão de nadimplência de cooperativas agropecuárias paranaenses. Os resultados mostram que esses indicadores realmente interferem na previsão de inadimplência das cooperativas analisadas e que sua introdução num modelo que tem...

Os problemas respiratórios representaram a segunda causa de morbidade na distribuição de doenças no país, no ano 2000 (MS, 2002), tendo como uma das principais causas a poluição atmosférica, dentre outros fatores. Os efeitos na saúde devido à poluição do ar têm sido tema intensamente estudado nos últimos anos, mostrando que a exposição a poluentes atmosféricos vem causando um aumento na morbi-mortalidade e nas internações hospitalares devido a problemas respiratórios (Brunekreef & Holgate, 2002). Em Ribeirão Preto, cidade do estado de São Paulo, considerada o maior pólo sucro-alcooleiro do mundo, a prática da queima da palha da cana-de-açúcar vem causando grande discussão pelo incômodo aos moradores e pelos danos à saúde. A colheita da cana-de-açúcar ocorre no inverno, entre os meses de maio e novembro. Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de descrever o quadro de morbidade ligado às internações hospitalares por problemas respiratórios nesse município, no período de 1995 a 2001, baseando-se em indicadores ambientais, econômicos e sociais. A metodologia fundamenta-se na pesquisa epidemiológica não-experimental, descritivo-exploratória, caracterizando-se em um estudo retrospectivo. As variáveis independentes consideradas foram o Índice de Poluição Atmosférica em Ribeirão Preto...

Em 2011, o Brasil foi o terceiro maior exportador de produtos agrícolas, respondendo por 7,9% do total do comércio agrícola mundial (MAPA, 2012). No comércio internacional do leite, o país ocupa uma posição de destaque, sendo o quarto colocado na produção mundial de leite in natura (FAO, 2013). Já no contexto do leite em pó integral, o Brasil é o quarto colocado na produção mundial, o segundo colocado no consumo mundial e o terceiro colocado nas importações mundiais (USDA, 2012). Nesse contexto, a pesquisa teve como problemática a seguinte indagação: é possível apresentar competitividade (a valores privados) e eficiência econômica (a valores sociais) em cadeias produtivas de leite em pó integral com três diferentes níveis tecnológicos localizadas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul em 2012? No intuito de responder ao problema de pesquisa, adotou-se o método de Monke e Pearson (1989), a Matriz de Análise de Políticas (MAP). As cadeias produtivas analisadas foram caracterizadas da seguinte forma: Cadeia Produtiva de Leite em Pó Integral tipo I (CPLEI-I): para o sistema de produção de leite tradicional, “com nível tecnológico baixo”; Cadeia Produtiva de Leite em Pó Integral tipo II (CPLEI-II): para o sistema de produção melhorado...

Performance and economic indicators of a large scale fish farm that produces round fish, located in Mato Grosso State, Brazil, were evaluated. The 130.8 ha-water surface area was distributed in 30 ponds. Average total production costs and the following economic indicators were calculated: gross income (GI), gross margin (GM), gross margin index (GMI), profitability index (PI) and profit (P) for the farm as a whole and for ten ponds individually. Production performance indicators were also obtained, such as: production cycle (PC), apparent feed conversion (FC), average biomass storage (ABS), survival index (SI) and final average weight (FAW). The average costs to produce an average 2.971 kg.ha-1 per year were: R$ 2.43, R$ 0.72 and R$ 3.15 as average variable, fixed and total costs, respectively. Gross margin and profit per year per hectare of water surface were R$ 2,316.91 and R$ 180.98, respectively. The individual evaluation of the ponds showed that the best pond performance was obtained for PI 38%, FC 1.7, ABS 0.980 kg.m-2, TS 56%, FAW 1.873 kg with PC of 12.3 months. The worst PI was obtained for the pond that displayed losses of 138%, FC 2.6, ABS 0.110 kg.m-2, SI 16% and FAW 1.811 kg. However, large scale production of round-fish in farms is economically feasible. The studied farm displays favorable conditions to improve performance and economic indicators...

A decisão de uma empresa em realizar investimentos na produção petrolífera depende principalmente do desempenho econômico esperado da jazida, do perfil econômico da empresa e das características econômicas e regulatórias do país. Uma das decisões importantes do processo é a escolha da estratégia de produção, em que o valor presente líquido (VPL) vem sendo usado como indicador econômico. Neste trabalho, procura-se mostrar que outros indicadores podem ser usados para auxiliar a decisão de investimento, pois, de acordo com as prioridades estabelecidas pela empresa, um só indicador pode não ser suficiente. Para isso, são analisadas diversas estratégias de produção considerando um conjunto de indicadores econômicos: VPL, retorno sobre o investimento (ROI), produção atualizada e produção de óleo (Np). Os indicadores são utilizados para avaliar o desempenho do campo e de poços de produção e injeção. Uma análise de sensibilidade é também considerada para mostrar a utilização dos indicadores em cenários incertos (preço do óleo, taxação, entre outros). Pode-se mostrar que a utilização de mais de um indicador possibilita respostas diferentes e mais confiáveis para cada cenário traçado, influenciando o tomador de decisão. O foco da empresa em um ou mais indicadores poderá trazer vantagens principalmente em cenários de incerteza. Os resultados mostram que a utilização de vários indicadores proporciona uma tomada de decisão com menor grau de risco...

This article explores the relationship between macroeconomic indicators, financial markets, and voting intentions in the 1994, 1998, and 2002 Brazilian Presidential elections. Several hypotheses concerning the relationship between economic performance and politics were tested using a data set containing aggregate measures of self-reported preferences for the Presidential candidates and economic indicators (inflation, unemployment, exchange rate, C-Bond spread, and the São Paulo Stock Exchange Index). The first hypothesis refers to the potential simultaneity between economic indicators and voting intentions. Other hypotheses relate to the varied impact of different economic indicators on the intention to vote for a specific Presidential candidate as opposed to others. The results indicate that retrospective voting, based on the performance of economic fundamentals and not the financial market, predominates in Brazil.

Performance and economic indicators of a large scale fish farm that produces round fish, located in Mato Grosso State, Brazil, were evaluated. The 130.8 ha-water surface area was distributed in 30 ponds. Average total production costs and the following economic indicators were calculated: gross income (GI), gross margin (GM), gross margin index (GMI), profitability index (PI) and profit (P) for the farm as a whole and for ten ponds individually. Production performance indicators were also obtained, such as: production cycle (PC), apparent feed conversion (FC), average biomass storage (ABS), survival index (SI) and final average weight (FAW). The average costs to produce an average 2.971 kg.ha-1 per year were: R$ 2.43, R$ 0.72 and R$ 3.15 as average variable, fixed and total costs, respectively. Gross margin and profit per year per hectare of water surface were R$ 2,316.91 and R$ 180.98, respectively. The individual evaluation of the ponds showed that the best pond performance was obtained for PI 38%, FC 1.7, ABS 0.980 kg.m-2, TS 56%, FAW 1.873 kg with PC of 12.3 months. The worst PI was obtained for the pond that displayed losses of 138%, FC 2.6, ABS 0.110 kg.m-2, SI 16% and FAW 1.811 kg. However, large scale production of round-fish in farms is economically feasible. The studied farm displays favorable conditions to improve performance and economic indicators...

A history of statistical economic indicators in America, this dissertation uncovers the protracted struggle which took place in the nineteenth century over how economic life should be quantified, how social progress should be valued and how American prosperity should be measured. By revealing the historical origins of contemporary indicators such as Gross Domestic Product, and by uncovering the alternative measures that ended up on the losing side of history, this work denaturalizes the seemingly objective nature of modern economic indicators while offering a fresh take on the rise of American capitalism.

Charts and graphs showing various economic indicators.

One of the recurring themes in the sustainability literature has been the legitimacy of using an economic framework to account for natural resources. This paper examines the potential for substituting between different inputs in the generation of income, where the inputs include natural resources such as land and energy resources. A nested constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function is used to allow flexibility in the estimated elasticities of substitution. Also, with this specification, natural resources and other inputs are combined in different levels of the function, thus allowing for different levels of substitutability. Institutional and economic indicators are also incorporated in the production function estimated. Results show that the elasticities derived from functions involving land resources were generally around one or greater, implying a fairly high degree of substitutability. Furthermore, changes in trade openness and private sector investment have a statistically significant and direct relationship with income generation. No statistically significant relationship between income and any of the institutional indicators was found.

Since inception more than twenty five years ago, the World Development Indicators (WDI) presented statistical information of the world, as seen by development economists, and, through a growing understanding of the development process, the WDI now encompasses over 500 indicators, covering 152 countries. A larger picture of poverty trends and social welfare is now provided, as well as the use of environmental resources, the performance of the public sector, and the integration of the global economy. This 2003 edition, focuses on measuring development outcomes, encouraged by the availability of internationally comparable statistics. Thus, the set of specific, quantified targets for reducing poverty, and achieving progress in health, education, and the use of environmental resources has been compiled within the framework of Millennium Development Goals, as adopted by the United Nations. The report comprises six chapters that provide an introduction, and statistical development information on: the world view through key economic indicators; on people...

This report uses an analytical framework that take into account the effect of natural disasters as well as country size in measuring the serious implications macroeconomic or aggregate volatility (marked period-to-period variations in measures of macroeconomic performance, such as GDP growth) has for individuals and households in Caribbean countries. The report is organized as follows: Chapter 1 reviews the recent economic and social development of the Caribbean. Chapter 2 begins by characterizing volatility of aggregate income and consumption growth and by employing regression analysis to assess the relative importance of the different factors that would be expected to determine macroeconomic volatility in the Caribbean. The chapter also examines factors that might be expected to influence the extent to which macroeconomic volatility is absorbed or amplified-that is, the extent of financial market development, the behavior of remittances, and the size and volatility of external capital flows. Chapter 3 addresses the broad question of how macroeconomic volatility in the Caribbean affects households and their income and consumption...

Ausgewählte Arbeitsmarkt- und Wirtschaftsindikatoren in den deutschen Bundesländern werden untersucht. Hierfür wurden drei Benchmarkings (nach der Radar Chart-Methode) vorgenommen. Ziel war es, die 'Listenplätze' der einzelnen Länder im Vergleich zueinander zu identifizieren; zu untersuchen, auf welche Faktoren die jeweilige Position eines Landes zruückgeführt werden kann; die Heterogenität der Lebensverhältnisse und der ökonomischen und arbeitsmarktlichen Leistungsfähigkeit in Deutschland zu illustrieren und zukünftige Analysen der Landespolitiken zu konzeptualisieren. Insgesamt weisen Bayern, Baden-Württemberg und Hessen durchgängig besonders gute Leistungen auf, besonders schwach zeigen sich die neuen Bundesländer.; The Research Paper is based on a survey of several indicators of labour market policy and economic indicators in the federal states of Germany. Three benchmarkings (after the radar chart method) are undertaken. Targets of the survey: (1) To make a 'ranking' of the several federal states, (2) to describe the factors of the rank of a state, (3) to illustrate the heterogenity of life style and economic and labour policies in Germany and (4) to give hints for analyses in the future. Leaders of the ranking are the states of Bavaria...

Education is universally recognized as one of the key determinants of socio-economic security and welfare. The link between education and increased individual earnings has been widely documented: there is a large body of cross-country evidence that education enhances the employability, productivity and income earning capacity of individuals. The impact of educational attainment on these various socio-economic indicators has been shown to vary by region, sub-region, gender, age, by income levels, and other variables. In this paper, we focus on the socio-economic impact of educational attainment in Afghanistan. Afghanistan presents a fairly unique context for examining the association between education and the socio-economic variable discussed above. It is a conflict-affected country, with strong and rich cultural and religious traditions. It also has some of the worst developmental indicators and in the world. Using data from the National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (NRVA) survey of 2007/08, authors investigate the extent to which the educational attainment of men and women is associated with greater economic welfare and less likelihood of being poor. The analysis is divided into four parts: part one looks education and other factors associated with household economic welfare and the probability of being poor; part two focuses on the education and other factors associated with women's participation in the labor force; part three looks at the association of mother's education with health-related outcomes of children; and part four looks at the association between educational attainment of girls and women...

Introdução - Destaca a necessidade de políticas públicas e de uma gestão ambiental adequadas para a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável, a partir da avaliação da experiência de controle da poluição em Cubatão, do início do Programa de Controle da Poluição Ambiental, em 1983, até 2005. Objetivo - Descrever os resultados alcançados em Cubatão, sob o enfoque do desenvolvimento sustentável, por meio de indicadores ambientais, econômicos, sociais e institucionais, avaliando os instrumentos utilizados e o papel desempenhado pelos atores envolvidos, bem com obter a visão desses atores sobre os fatores determinantes desses resultados. Verificar a suficiência das informações existentes para a avaliação do progresso do município na direção do desenvolvimento sustentável e a possibilidade de proposição de indicadores. Identificar a visão da coletividade sobre a gestão ambiental do pólo industrial de Cubatão desenvolvida nos anos mais recentes do período da pesquisa. Métodos - Dados secundários obtidos de fontes bibliográficas e dados primários obtidos pela aplicação de questionário a população constituída de pessoas dos diversos setores envolvidos na evolução do controle da poluição em Cubatão. Os resultados deste foram analisados quantitativamente...

Background: Because economic conditions are both a risk factor for disease and may themselves be objectives for health delivery interventions, monitoring changes in economic outcomes has become a routine priority for health and development efforts. However, the lack of formal commerce in poor agrarian communities creates challenges for measuring economic status. Data on household finances, such as income, are ideal but are time-consuming, costly, and less reliable, whereas proxy measures of wealth such as indices of durable assets are easier to measure but relatively coarse and are less sensitive to rapid changes in underlying drivers. Methods: We used data from a cohort of 528 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) enrolled in a food intervention study on household demographics, agricultural production, cash income, in-kind income, household durable assets and health status, including CD4 count. We created a household economic index using principal components analysis (PCA) and compared it with three other economic indicators generated from the data (income, expenditures, poverty score). Through multivariate logistic regression analysis we evaluated the effect of the economic metric on probability of survival within the first year of study. Results: Socioeconomic status determined by PCA of durable assets...

The article presents and discusses estimates of social and economic indicators for Italy and its regions in benchmark years roughly from Unification to the present day: life expectancy, education, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at purchasing power parity, and the new Human Development Index (HDI). A broad interpretative hypothesis, based on the distinction between “active” and “passive” modernization, is proposed to account for the evolution of regional imbalances. In the lack of active modernization, Southern Italy converged thanks to passive modernization. However, this was more effective in life expectancy, less successful in education, expensive, and as a whole ineffective in GDP. As a consequence, convergence in the HDI occurred from the late nineteenth century to the 1970s, but came to a sudden halt in the last decades of the twentieth century

Travel suppliers have depended largely on business travel as their main source of business and profit because it is less price conscious and finicky compared to the pleasure travel market. The past recession has caused corporations to scale-down by drastically reducing business related travel; therefore, it is understood, as a majority, that the condition of the economy usually dictates future business. Car rental companies are a significant part of the travel supplier industry and it is wondered if the fluctuations in car rental rates are a direct reflection of the rise and fall of the economy also. The study will use four key economic indicators (housing starts, retail sales, car sales and unemployment) as a direct reflection of the economy. Car rental rates will then be added to notice any correlation between the two.

A região do Litoral Norte, um dos segmentos da Zona Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, distingue-se pelaseqüência de ambientes longitudinais à costa. Após a área de interface com o mar, identifica-se umaplanície sedimentar costeira, constituída por dunas, além de um rosário de lagoas litorâneas, chegandoaté as escarpas do Planalto Meridional, entalhadas pelos vales dos rios Maquiné e Três Forquilhas. Asrelações entre sociedade e natureza ampliaram-se nas últimas décadas e, em especial, na Zona Costeirapor causa, entre outros fatores, do processo de urbanização. No entanto, esse rápido crescimentoocasionou uma série de problemas para um ambiente caracterizado por ecossistemas diversificados ede grande suscetibilidade. A análise do índice de desenvolvimento socioeconômico, elaborado pelaFundação de Economia e Estatística (FEE) do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, classifica a região doLitoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul dentro de um perfil de médio desenvolvimento. Os investimentosem saúde e educação realizados nos últimos anos melhoraram sensivelmente os indicadores da região.No entanto...

The study observed the poor use of hybrid sorghum cultivars by subsistence farmers. The project sought to establish which, if any, socio-economic factors influence the adoption of hybrid sorghum cultivars by this sector of the farming community. The focus was on Makhuduthamaga Municipality in Sekhukhune District of Limpopo Province in South Africa, and was confined to the sorghum belt situated around Lepellane catchments in Schoonoord area. The population of the study consisted of farmers that planted sorghum using either hybrid or non-hybrid sorghum cultivars. Non-probability quota sampling method was used with field interviews through structured questionnaire, to collect quantitative sets of data. The study found that there were socio-economic differences between the hybrid user and non-hybrid users. These factors included farmers' gender, level of literacy, access to extension service, membership to agricultural co-operatives, access to credit and inputs, sorghum output, farm income, access to farm land, and cultural influences.