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Measuring the Impacts of Global Trade Reform with Optimal Aggregators of Distortions
Fonte: Banco Mundial
Publicador: Banco Mundial
Relevância na Pesquisa
36.59%
#ACCOUNTING#ADVERSE IMPACTS#AGRICULTURAL TRADE#AGRICULTURE#APPAREL#APPLIED STUDIES#APPLIED TARIFF#AVERAGE TARIFF#AVERAGE TARIFFS#BENEFITS OF TRADE#BILATERAL TARIFFS
Traditional weighted-average measures of
trade distortions are widely used in analyzing global and
regional reforms, despite well-known deficiencies. This
paper develops and applies optimal aggregators for the
real-world case of multiple countries and commodities with
much more detailed information on trade than on production
and consumption. The approach reflects the fact that
different aggregators are needed for expenditure on imported
goods and for tariff revenues, and allows for incorporation
of both intensive and extensive margins of adjustment to
reform. Applications confirm that the technique is
straightforward enough for widespread use, and point to
close to a doubling of the welfare gains at the intensive
margin when using the highest possible level of
international commodity disaggregation, with larger gains in
developing regions than in the industrial countries. The
measured income gains increase along the entire path of
liberalization, with slightly larger increases in the
earlier stages, where the gaps between the responses of the
expenditure and tariff revenue aggregators are largest.
Sensitivity analysis suggests that...
Link permanente para citações:
Implications of the Doha Market Access Proposals for Developing Countries
Fonte: Banco Mundial
Publicador: Banco Mundial
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.74%
#AGRICULTURAL DOMESTIC SUPPORT#AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS#AGRICULTURAL EXPORTERS#AGRICULTURAL GOODS#AGRICULTURAL MARKET#AGRICULTURAL MARKET ACCESS#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS#AGRICULTURAL TARIFF#AGRICULTURAL TARIFFS#AGRICULTURAL TRADE#AGRICULTURE
This paper uses detailed data on bound
and applied tariffs to assess the consequences of the World
Trade Organization s December 2008 Modalities for tariffs
levied and faced by developing countries, and the welfare
implications of these reforms. The authors find that the
tiered formula for agriculture would halve tariffs in
industrial countries and lower them more modestly in
developing countries. In non-agriculture, the formulas would
reduce the tariff peaks facing developing countries and cut
average industrial country tariffs by more than a third. The
authors use a political-economy framework to assess the
implications of flexibilities for the size of the tariff
cuts and find they are likely to substantially reduce the
outcome. However, despite the flexibilities, there are
likely to be worthwhile gains, with applied tariffs facing
developing countries cut by about 20 percent in agriculture
and 27 percent in non-agriculture, and sizeable cuts in
tariffs facing industrial countries. The welfare impacts of
reform are evaluated using a new approach to aggregation
that improves on the traditional...
Link permanente para citações:
Cost Recovery, Equity, and Efficiency in Water Tariffs : Evidence from African Utilities
Fonte: Banco Mundial
Publicador: Banco Mundial
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.59%
#ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS#AFFORDABLE WATER#AVERAGE TARIFF#AVERAGE TARIFFS#BALANCE#BLOCK STRUCTURE#BLOCK TARIFF#BLOCK TARIFF STRUCTURE#BLOCK TARIFFS#CAPACITY BUILDING#CAPITAL COSTS
Water and sanitation utilities in Africa
operate in a high-cost environment. They also have a mandate
to at least partially recover their costs of operations and
maintenance (O&M). As a result, water tariffs are higher
than in other regions of the world. The increasing block
tariff (IBT) is the most common tariff structure in Africa.
Most African utilities are able to achieve O&M cost
recovery at the highest block tariffs, but not at the
first-block tariffs, which are designed to provide
affordable water to low-volume consumers, who are often
poor. At the same time, few utilities can recover even a
small part of their capital costs, even in the highest
tariff blocks. Unfortunately, the equity objectives of the
IBT structure are not met in many countries. The subsidy to
the lowest tariff-block does not benefit the poor
exclusively, and the minimum consumption charge is often
burdensome for the poorest customers. Many poor households
cannot even afford a connection to the piped water network.
This can be a significant barrier to expansion for
utilities. Therefore...
Link permanente para citações:
The ASEAN Free Trade Agreement : Impact on Trade Flows and External Trade Barriers
Fonte: Banco Mundial
Publicador: Banco Mundial
Relevância na Pesquisa
36.57%
#ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS#AGGREGATE TRADE#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS#AVERAGE TARIFFS#AVERAGE TRADE#BARRIERS ON IMPORTS#BILATERAL FLOWS#BILATERAL OPPORTUNISM#BILATERAL TRADE#BILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS#BLOC IMPORTS
Using detailed data on trade and tariffs
from 1992-2007, the authors examine how the ASEAN Free Trade
Agreement has affected trade with nonmembers and external
tariffs facing nonmembers. First, the paper examines the
effect of preferential and external tariff reduction on
import growth from ASEAN insiders and outsiders across HS
6-digit industries. The analysis finds no evidence that
preferential liberalization has led to lower import growth
from nonmembers. Second, it examines the relationship
between preferential tariff reduction and MFN tariff
reduction. The analysis finds that preferential
liberalization tends to precede external tariff
liberalization. To examine whether this tariff
complementarity is a result of simultaneous decision making,
the authors use the scheduled future preferential tariff
reductions (agreed to in 1992) as instruments for actual
preferential tariff changes after the Asia crisis. The
results remain unchanged, suggesting that there is a causal
relationship between preferential and MFN tariff reduction.
The findings also indicate that external liberalization was
relatively sharper in the products where preferences are
likely to be most damaging...
Link permanente para citações:
Openness, Inequality, and Poverty : Endowments Matter
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Relevância na Pesquisa
36.56%
#ADVERSE EFFECT#AGRICULTURE#AVERAGE GROWTH#AVERAGE INCOME#AVERAGE TARIFF#AVERAGE TARIFFS#BASIC EDUCATION#BLACK MARKET#BLACK MARKET PREMIUM#BORDER MEASURES#CAPITAL MARKETS
Using tariffs as a measure of openness, the authors find consistent evidence that the conditional effects of trade liberalization on inequality are correlated with relative factor endowments. Trade liberalization is associated with increases in inequality in countries well-endowed in highly skilled workers and capital or with workers that have very low education levels and in countries relatively well-endowed in mining and fuels. Trade liberalization is associated with decreases in inequality in countries that are well-endowed with primary-educated labor. Similar results are also apparent when decile data are used instead of the usual Gini coefficient. The results are strongly supportive of the factor-proportions theory of trade and suggest that trade liberalization in poor countries where the share of the labor force with very low education levels (likely employed in nontradable activities) is high raises inequality. In the sample, countries with low education levels also have relatively scarce endowments of capital. Quantitatively capital scarcity is the dominating effect so that trade liberalization is accompanied by reduced income inequality in low-income countries. Within-country inequality is also positively correlated with measures of macroeconomic instability. Simulation results suggest that relatively small changes in inequality as measured by aggregate measures of inequality like the Gini coefficient are magnified when estimates are carried out using decile data.
Link permanente para citações:
Preference Erosion and Multilateral Trade Liberalization
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#AD VALOREM#ADMINISTRATIVE BURDEN#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS#AGRICULTURE#APPAREL#AVERAGE TARIFFS#BENCHMARK#BENCHMARK DATA#BENEFICIARY COUNTRIES#BENEFICIARY COUNTRY#BENEFITS OF TRADE
Because of concern that OECD tariff reductions will translate into worsening export performance for the least developed countries, trade preferences have proven a stumbling block to developing country support for multilateral liberalization. The authors examine the actual scope for preference erosion, including an econometric assessment of the actual utilization and the scope for erosion estimated by modeling full elimination of OECD tariffs, and hence full most-favored-nation liberalization-based preference erosion. Preferences are underutilized due to administrative burden-estimated to be at least 4 percent on average-reducing the magnitude of erosion costs significantly. For those products where preferences are used (are of value), the primary negative impact follows from erosion of EU preferences. This suggests the erosion problem is primarily bilateral rather than a WTO-based concern.
Link permanente para citações:
Eliminating Excessive Tariffs on Exports of Least Developed Countries
Fonte: Washington, DC: World Bank
Publicador: Washington, DC: World Bank
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.61%
#ABSOLUTE VALUE#AGGREGATE EXPORTS#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS#AGRICULTURE#ANDEAN PACT#ANTIDUMPING#APPAREL#ARBITRAGE#AVERAGE TARIFF#AVERAGE TARIFFS#BASE YEAR
Although average Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) tariffs on
imports from the least developed countries are very low;
tariffs above 15 percent have a disproportional effect on
their exports. Products subject to tariff peaks tend to be
heavily concentrated in agriculture and food products and
labor intensive sectors, such as apparel and footwear.
Although the least developed countries benefit from
preferential access, preferences tend to be smallest for
tariff peak products. A major exception is the European
Union, so that the recent European initiative to grant full
duty free and quota free access for the least developed
countries will result in only a small increase in their
exports of tariff peak items. However, as preferences are
less significant in other major OECD countries, a more
general emulation of the European Union initiative would
increase the least developed countries total exports of peak
products by US dollar 2.5 billion. Although almost half of
this increase is at the expense of other developing country
exports...
Link permanente para citações:
Regional, Multilateral, and Unilateral Trade Policies on MERCOSUR for Growth and Poverty Reduction in Brazil
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#AGGREGATE GOODS#AGGREGATE IMPORTS#AGRICULTURAL MARKETS#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS#AGRICULTURAL PROTECTION#AGRICULTURAL TRADE#AGRICULTURAL TRADE LIBERALIZATION#AGRICULTURE#ANDEAN PACT#ANTIDUMPING#ANTIDUMPING ACTIONS
The authors estimate that the Free Trade
Agreement of the Americas (FTAA), the EU-MERCOSUR agreement,
and multilateral trade policy changes will all be beneficial
for Brazil. The Brazilian government strategy of
simultaneously negotiating the FTAA and the EU-MERCOSUR
agreement, while supporting multilateral liberalization
through the Doha Agenda, will increase the benefits of each
of these policies. The authors estimate that the poorest
households typically gain roughly three to four times the
average for Brazil from any of the policies considerethe
United States protects its most highly protected markets.
Both the FTAA and the EU-MERCOSUR agreements are net
trade-creating for the countries involved, but excluded
countries almost always lose from the agreements. The
authors estimate that multilateral trade liberalization of
50 percent in tariffs and export subsidies results in gains
to the world more than four times greater than either the
FTAA or the EU-MERCOSUR agreement. This shows the continued
importance to the world trading community of the
multilateral negotiations.
Link permanente para citações:
Trade, Growth, and Poverty
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
36.56%
#ABSOLUTE POVERTY#AVERAGE GROWTH#AVERAGE GROWTH RATE#AVERAGE INCOMES#AVERAGE TARIFF#AVERAGE TARIFFS#BENCHMARK#BUSINESS CYCLES#CHANGES IN TRADE#CIVIL WAR#CLOSED ECONOMIES
The evidence from individual cases and
from cross-country analysis supports the view that
globalization leads to faster growth and poverty reduction
in poor countries. To determine the effect of globalization
on growth, poverty, and inequality, the authors first
identify a group of developing countries that are
participating more in globalization. China, India, and
several other large countries are part of this group, so
well over half the population of the developing world lives
in these globalizing economies. Over the past 20 years, the
post-1980 globalizers have seen large increases in trade and
significant declines in tariffs. Their growth rates
accelerated between the 1970s and the 1980s and again
between the 1980s and the 1990s, even as growth in the rich
countries and the rest of the developing world slowed. The
post-1980 globalizers are catching up to the rich countries,
but the rest of the developing world (the non-globalizers)
is falling further behind. Next, the authors ask how general
these patterns are...
Link permanente para citações:
The Critical Mass Approach to Achieve a Deal on Green Goods and Services : What Is on the Table? How Much to Expect?
Fonte: World Bank Group, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank Group, Washington, DC
EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
36.65%
#ABATEMENT#ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE#AGGREGATE IMPORTS#AVERAGE TARIFF#AVERAGE TARIFF LEVELS#AVERAGE TARIFFS#BARRIERS TO ENTRY#BARRIERS TO TRADE#BENCHMARK#BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATIES#BILATERAL TRADE
At the Davos forum of January 2014, a
group of 14 countries pledged to launch negotiations on
liberalizing trade in "green goods" (also known as
"environmental" goods), focusing on the
elimination of tariffs for an Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation list of 54 products. The paper shows that the
Davos group, with an average tariff of 1.8 percent, has
little to offer as countries have avoided submitting
products with tariff peaks for tariff reductions. Even if
the list were extended to the 411 products on the World
Trade Organization list, taking into account tariff
dispersion, the tariff structure on environmental goods
would be equivalent to a uniform tariff of 3.4 percent,
about half the uniform tariff-equivalent for
non-environmental goods. Enlarging the number of
participants to low-income countries might be possible as,
on average, their imports would not increase by more than 8
percent. However, because of the strong complementarities
between trade in environmental goods and trade in
environmental services...
Link permanente para citações:
Reducing Agricultural Tariffs versus Domestic Support : What's More Important for Developing Countries?
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH; EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#PROTECTIVE TARIFFS#AGRICULTURAL TAXATION#AGRICULTURAL PRICES#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT TARIFFS#WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION#TARIFF REDUCTIONS#TRADE LIBERALIZATION#AGRICULTURAL SUBSIDIES#ELASTICITY (ECONOMIC)#SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS#SIMULATIONS
High levels of protection and domestic
support for farmers in industrial countries significantly
affect many developing countries, both directly and through
the price-depressing effect of agricultural support
policies. High tariffs--in both rich and poor countries--and
domestic support may also lower the world price of
agricultural products, benefiting net importers. The authors
assess the impact of reducing tariffs and domestic support
in a sample of 119 countries. Least developed countries
(LDCs) are disproportionately affected by agricultural
support policies. More than 18 percent of LDC exports are
subject to domestic support in at least one World Trade
Organization (WTO) member, as compared to only 9 percent of
their imports. For other developing countries the figures
are around 4 percent for both their exports and imports. So,
the prevailing pattern of trade suggests the world
price-reducing effect of agricultural domestic support
policies may induce a welfare loss in LDCs. The authors
develop a simple partial equilibrium model of global trade
in commodities that benefit from domestic support in at
least one WTO member. The simulation results suggest there
will be large differences between LDCs and other developing
economies in terms of the impact of a 50 percent cut in
tariffs as compared to a 50 percent cut in domestic support.
Developing countries as a group would suffer a welfare loss
from a cut in support...
Link permanente para citações:
Relative Returns to Policy Reform : Evidence from Controlled Cross-Country Regressions
Fonte: World Bank
Publicador: World Bank
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH
Relevância na Pesquisa
36.64%
#AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS#AGRICULTURE#ANDEAN PACT#ANTIDUMPING#AVERAGE GROWTH#AVERAGE GROWTH RATE#AVERAGE TARIFF#AVERAGE TARIFF RATE#AVERAGE TARIFF RATES#AVERAGE TARIFFS
The authors aim at contributing to
understand the dispersion of returns from policy reforms
using cross-country regressions. The authors compare the
"before reform" with "after reform" GDP
growth outcome of countries that undertook
import-liberalization and fiscal policy reforms. They survey
a large sample (about 54) of developing countries over the
period 1980-99. The benefits of openness to trade and fiscal
prudence have been extensively identified in the growth
literature, but the evidence from simple cross-section
analysis can sometimes be inconclusive and remains
vulnerable to criticism on estimation techniques, such as
identification, endogeneity, multi-colinearity, and the
quality of the data. The authors use a different analytical
framework that establishes additional controls. First, they
construct a counterfactual control group. These are
countries that-under specific thresholds-did not introduce
policy reforms under scrutiny. Second, the authors also try
to use the most appropriate variable of policy reform...
Link permanente para citações:
Impact of WTO Accession and the Customs Union on the Bound and Applied Tariff Rates of the Russian Federation
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH; EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
36.65%
#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS#APPAREL#APPLIED TARIFF#AVERAGE TARIFF#AVERAGE TARIFFS#BALANCE OF PAYMENTS#BILATERAL FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS#CONCESSIONS#CUSTOMS#CUSTOMS UNION#DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
After 18 years of negotiations, Russia
has joined the World Trade Organization. This paper assesses
how the tariff structure of the Russian Federation will
change as a result of the phased implementation of its World
Trade Organization commitments between 2012 and 2020 and how
it has changed as a result of its agreement to participate
in a Customs Union with Kazakhstan and Belarus. The
analysis uses trade data at the ten digit level, which
allows the first accurate assessment of the impact of these
policy changes. It finds that World Trade Organization
commitments will progressively and significantly lower the
applied tariffs of the Russian Federation. After all
commitments are implemented, tariffs will fall from 11.5
percent to 7.9 percent on an un-weighted average basis, or
from 13.0 percent to 5.8 percent on a weighted average
basis. The average "bound" tariff rate of Russia
under its World Trade Organization commitments will be 8.6
percent, that is, 0.7 percentage points higher than the
applied tariffs. Russia's commitments represent
significant tariff liberalization...
Link permanente para citações:
Agricultural Trade : What Matters in the Doha Round?
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH; EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS#ADVERSE IMPACT#ADVERSE IMPACTS#AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC#AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS#AGRICULTURAL EXPORTERS#AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS#AGRICULTURAL GOODS#AGRICULTURAL INCENTIVES#AGRICULTURAL MARKET#AGRICULTURAL MARKET ACCESS
This survey concludes that including
agriculture in the Doha Agenda negotiations was important
both economically and politically, although the political
resistance to reform is particularly strong in this sector.
While agriculture accounts for less than 10 percent of
merchandise trade, high and variable agricultural
distortions appear to cause the majority of the cost of
distortions to global merchandise trade. Within agriculture,
most of the costs appear to arise from trade barriers levied
on imports since these barriers tend to be high, variable
across time and over products, and are levied by a wide
range of countries. The negotiations faced a need for
balance between discipline in reducing tariffs and hence
creating the market access gains that are central to the
negotiations, and flexibility in managing political
pressures. While the approach of providing flexibility on a
certain percentage of tariff lines is seriously flawed, the
proposed Modalities still appear to provide worthwhile
market access. Better ways appear to be needed to deal with
developing countries' concerns about food price
volatility while reducing the collective-action problems
resulting from price insulation.
Link permanente para citações:
The Structure of Import Tariffs in the Russian Federation : 2001-05
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.7%
#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS#APPAREL#AVERAGE TARIFF#AVERAGE TARIFFS#AVERAGE TRADE#BILATERAL FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS#COLLECTED TARIFF#COLLECTED TARIFFS#CONSUMER#CONSUMERS#CUSTOMS
The Russian tariff structure contains
over 11,000 tariff lines of which about 1,700 use the
so-called "combined" tariff rate system. For the
combined system tariff lines, the actual tariff applied by
Russian customs is the maximum of the ad valorem or specific
tariff. The lack of available data and the difficulty in
calculating the ad valorem equivalence of the specific
tariffs have resulted in some previous efforts that have
simply ignored the specific tariffs. This is the first paper
to accurately assess the tariff rates. The authors show that
ignoring the specific tariffs results in an underestimate of
the actual tariff rates by about 1 to 3 percentage points,
depending on the year. The average tariff in Russia has
increased between 2001 and 2003 from about 11.5 to between
13 and 14.5 percent, but it has held steady in 2004 and
2005. This places Russia's tariffs at a level slightly
higher than other middle-income countries and considerably
higher than the OECD countries. The trade weighted standard
deviation of the tariff approximately doubled from 9.5
percent in 2001 to 18 percent in 2003...
Link permanente para citações:
Trade and Production, 1976-99
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH; EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.41%
#APPLIED TARIFF#ASSISTANCE#AVERAGE TARIFFS#BILATERAL TRADE#CAPITAL FORMATION#CD#CODES#COUNTRY OF DESTINATION#COUNTRY OF ORIGIN#CURRENCY#DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
The authors have prepared this paper as
a companion to the Trade and Production database, which
contains trade, production, and tariff data for 67
industrial and developing countries at the industry level
for 1976-99. The sector disaggregation in the database
follows the International Standard Industrial Classification
(ISIC), with data provided at the three-digit level (28
industries) for all 67 countries and at the four-digit level
(81 industries) for 24 of these countries. The production
data are from the United Nations Industrial Development
Organization's Industrial Statistics Database at the
three- and four-digit level of ISIC. They include value
added, total output, average wages, capital formation,
number of employees, number of female employees, and number
of firms. The trade data are from the United Nations
Statistics Division's Commodity Trade (Comtrade)
database (through the World Bank's World Integrated
Trade Solution, or WITS, software) and include imports and
exports. Data on mirror exports (reported by trading
partners) were obtained using WITS. The trade data are
aggregated by region and income group...
Link permanente para citações:
Republic of Armenia : Power Sector Tariff Study
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Economic & Sector Work :: Energy Study; Economic & Sector Work
ENGLISH; EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY#ACCOUNTING#ACCOUNTING STANDARDS#ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS#ALTERNATIVE ENERGY#ANNUAL REVENUE REQUIREMENT#APPROACH#ASSET VALUE#AVAILABILITY#AVERAGE COSTS#AVERAGE TARIFF
Armenia's energy sector has
achieved a level of electricity reliability, service quality
and efficiency of sector operations that stands out among
countries participating in Commonwealth of Independent
States (CIS). Much of this can be attributed to a decade of
regulatory reform including a long-standing commitment to
cost-recovery tariffs. The study is structured as follows:
section one provides definitions of the key terms used and a
background on the current tariff setting process in Armenia.
Section two indicates how far tariffs have departed from
cost-recovery levels and what costs have not been covered as
a result. Section three describes how new investments will
affect the average cost of service and the average
residential tariff. Section four proposes a marginal
cost-based tariff structure and explains why this differs
from the current tariff structure. Section five discusses
the poverty and social impact of tariff increases needed to
cover new investments in 2021. Section six identifies
options for subsidization and mitigating rate shock that
will help transition to higher...
Link permanente para citações:
Politically Optimal Tariffs : An Application to Egypt
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH; EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#OPTIMAL TAXATION#TRADE LIBERALIZATION#TARIFF AGREEMENTS#TARIFF POLICY#TARIFF STRUCTURES#ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES#FREE TRADE#TARIFF REDUCTIONS#EUROPEAN UNION#PROTECTIVE TARIFFS#EXTERNAL TRADE AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES
Egyptian economic history has been
influenced by the import-substitution industrialization
approach to development, dating back to Gamal Abdel
Nasser's Pan-Arabic and socialist movement in the
1950s. Two major waves of liberalization have marked the
government's efforts to rationalize and modernize the
economy-the Infitah (opening) promoted by Anwar Sadat in the
1980s, and further trade and privatization efforts by Hosni
Mubarak in the 1990s. Nonetheless, the extent of trade
liberalization does not compare well with similar countries.
Despite a decade of liberalization, the trade regime is
characterized by deliberate and gradual reforms. By 1999
these reforms had led to average tariffs close to 30
percent, with high dispersion and escalation, well above
those in comparable countries. provide a political economy
analysis of the difficulties of liberalizing tariffs in
Egypt in general, and in its specific industries. They
present the theoretical and empirical models and discuss the
results. The authors also explore the potential effects of
the Euro-Med agreement for Egypt The authors provide a
political economy analysis of the difficulties of
liberalizing tariffs in Egypt in general...
Link permanente para citações:
Ukraine's Trade Policy : A Strategy for Integration into Global Trade
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Publication; Publications & Research :: Publication
ENGLISH; EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#ACCESSION NEGOTIATIONS#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS#AGRICULTURE#ANTI-DUMPING INVESTIGATION#ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES#ANTIDUMPING#ANTIDUMPING DUTIES#AVERAGE TARIFF#AVERAGE TARIFF RATE#AVERAGE TARIFF RATES#AVERAGE TARIFFS
This publication identifies the key
drivers of Ukraine's recent trade performance, assesses
current trade policies, and proposes recommendations to
strengthen the Ukraine's trade integration strategy. It
also identifies core bottlenecks in the ongoing integration
processes, including global and regional integration. The
study concludes that the main obstacles to furthering
Ukraine's trade integration are domestic, and relate to
deficiencies in the business environment. Problems in
customs administration, standardization, and administrative
barriers for new entry require immediate attention. The
report highlights specific policy issues that hamper World
Trade Organization (WTO) accession, such as trade
legislation, protection of intellectual property rights,
government support for specific industries, and export
restrictions. It also recommends improvements in the
structure of Ukraine's import tariffs, reform of both
the regime of free economic zones and mechanism of the
value-added tax (VAT) refund, and investment in a major
upgrade of government capacity for investment and export
promotion. The report also draws attention to the importance
of the post-WTO accession agenda for Ukraine. To take
advantage of WTO membership...
Link permanente para citações:
Eliminating Excessive Tariffs on Exports of Least Developed Countries
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH; EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
56.48%
#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS#AGRICULTURE#ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES#ANDEAN PACT#APPAREL#AVERAGE TARIFF#AVERAGE TARIFFS#BILATERAL AGREEMENTS#DEVELOPED COUNTRIES#DUTY FREE#ECONOMIC POLICY
Most goods imported from developing
countries, enter Quad markets duty-free, and, average
tariffs in Quad markets are very low. But tariffs for some
commodities are over one hundred percent. Such "tariff
peaks" are often concentrated in products developing
countries want to export: agricultural, and food products -
especially such staples as sugar, cereals, and fish; fruits
and vegetables; food products with a high sugar content;
and, tobacco, and alcoholic beverages - and products from
such labor-intensive sectors as apparel, and footwear.
Giving least developed countries full duty- and quota-free
access in the Quad for peak-tariff products would increase
their total annual exports by eleven percent - or roughly $
2.5 billion. Exports to Quad countries of peak-tariff
products, would expand by 30-60 percent. Considering that
peak-tariff items account for only a small share of
developing countries' exports, granting lest developed
countries duty-free access, would have only a negligible
impact on other developing countries. For the same reason...
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