Página 1 dos resultados de 2013 itens digitais encontrados em 0.011 segundos
Who Uses Bottled Gas? Evidence from Households in Developing Countries
Fonte: Banco Mundial
Publicador: Banco Mundial
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.32%
#ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY#ACCESS TO MODERN ENERGY#AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES#AIR POLLUTION#APPLIANCES#APPROACH#AVAILABILITY#AVERAGE PRICE#AVERAGE PRICES#BATTERIES#BIOGAS
Household surveys in Guatemala, India,
Indonesia, Kenya, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka were analyzed
using a two-stage Heckman model to examine the factors
influencing the decision to use liquefied petroleum gas
(stage 1) and, among users, the quantity consumed per person
(stage 2). In the first stage, liquefied petroleum gas
selection in all six countries increased with household
expenditure and the highest level of education attained by
female and male household members. Electricity connection
increased, and engagement in agriculture and increasing
household size decreased, liquefied petroleum gas selection
in five countries; urban residence increased selection in
four countries; and rising firewood and kerosene prices
increased selection in three countries each. In the second
stage, the quantity of liquefied petroleum gas consumed
increased with rising household expenditure and decreasing
price of liquefied petroleum gas in every country. Urban
residence increased and engagement in agriculture decreased
liquefied petroleum gas consumption. Surveys in Albania...
Link permanente para citações:
The Relative Volatility of Commodity Prices : A Reappraisal
Fonte: Banco Mundial
Publicador: Banco Mundial
Relevância na Pesquisa
56.36%
#ADVERSE EFFECT#AUTOMOBILES#AVERAGE PRICE#AVERAGE PRICES#CIVIL WAR#COMMODITIES#COMMODITY#COMMODITY EXPORTS#COMMODITY FUTURES#COMMODITY IMPORT#COMMODITY INDICES
This paper studies the volatility of
commodity prices on the basis of a large dataset of monthly
prices observed in international trade data from the United
States over the period 2002 to 2011. The conventional wisdom
in academia and policy circles is that primary commodity
prices are more volatile than those of manufactured
products, although most of the existing evidence does not
actually attempt to measure the volatility of prices of
individual goods or commodities. The literature tends to
focus on trends in the evolution and volatility of ratios of
price indexes composed of multiple commodities and products.
This approach can be misleading. Indeed, the evidence
presented in this paper suggests that on average prices of
individual primary commodities are less volatile than those
of individual manufactured goods. However, the challenges of
managing terms of trade volatility in developing countries
with concentrated export baskets remain.
Link permanente para citações:
Does Tougher Import Competition Foster Product Quality Upgrading?
Fonte: Banco Mundial
Publicador: Banco Mundial
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.18%
#ADVERTISING#ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT#AUTOMOBILE#AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY#AUTOMOBILES#AVERAGE PRICE#AVERAGE PRICES#BICYCLES#BROAD RANGE#CENTRAL BANK#COMMODITY PRICE
Over the past two decades,
globalization, and more specifically the increased exposure
to competition from low-price producers in China and India,
has created a new economic environment for other emerging
economies. The most advantageous way for manufacturing firms
in those economies to position themselves in domestic and
international markets is to offer upgraded and
differentiated rather than "mundane"
labor-intensive products. This paper investigates whether
increased competitive pressure from imports forces firms to
improve the quality of their products. The econometric
analysis relies on a rich dataset of Chilean manufacturing
plants and their products. Product quality is measured with
unit values (average prices) and industry-level transport
costs are used as an exogenous measure of import
competition. The authors find a positive and robust effect
of import competition on product quality. This effect is
found to be particularly strong for non-exporting plants.
The results also show that increased import competition from
less advanced economies is the major cause for the positive
impact on quality upgrading. The overall evidence points to
the benefits of trade openness for product innovation but
demonstrates at the same time that competitive pressure
alone will not enable local plants to catch up with leading
world producers.
Link permanente para citações:
Implications of Higher Global Food Prices for Poverty in Low-Income Countries
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.32%
#ADVERSE IMPACTS#AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES#AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT#AGRICULTURAL PRICES#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS#AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH#AGRICULTURAL WAGE#AGRICULTURAL WAGES#AGRICULTURAL WORKERS#AVERAGE PRICES#BASIC FOOD COMMODITIES
In many poor countries, the recent
increases in prices of staple foods raise the real incomes
of those selling food, many of whom are relatively poor,
while hurting net food consumers, many of whom are also
relatively poor. The impacts on poverty will certainly be
very diverse, but the average impact on poverty depends upon
the balance between these two effects, and can only be
determined by looking at real-world data. Results using
household data for ten observations on nine low-income
countries show that the short-run impacts of higher staple
food prices on poverty differ considerably by commodity and
by country, but, that poverty increases are much more
frequent, and larger, than poverty reductions. The recent
large increases in food prices appear likely to raise
overall poverty in low income countries substantially.
Link permanente para citações:
Oil Intensities and Oil Prices : Evidence for Latin America
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.34%
#APPROACH#ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS#AVERAGE PRICE#AVERAGE PRICES#BALANCE#BALANCE OF PAYMENTS#BARREL#BARRELS OF OIL#BARRELS PER DAY#BURNING FOSSIL FUELS#CARBON
Crude oil prices have dramatically
increased over the past years and are now at a historical
maximum in nominal terms and very close to it in real terms.
It is difficult to argue, at least for net oil importers,
that higher oil prices have a positive impact on welfare. In
fact, the negative relationship between oil prices and
economic activity has been well documented in the
literature. Yet, to the extent that higher oil prices lead
to lower oil consumption, it would be possible to argue that
not all the effects of a price increase are negative.
Climate change concerns have been on the rise in recent
years and fossil fuel consumption is generally viewed as one
of the main causes behind it. Thus this paper explores
whether higher oil prices contribute to lowering oil
intensities (that is, oil consumption per unit of gross
domestic product). The findings show that following an
increase in oil prices, OECD countries tend to reduce oil
intensity. However, the same result does not hold for Latin
America (and more generally for middle-income countries)
where oil intensities appear to be unaffected by oil prices.
The paper also explores why this is so.
Link permanente para citações:
Pharmaceutical Patents and Prices : A Preliminary Empirical Assessment Using Data from India
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.26%
#ACCESS TO PHARMACEUTICALS#ACTIVE INGREDIENTS#ADVERTISING#ANALGESICS#ANTIBIOTICS#AUDITS#AVERAGE PRICE#AVERAGE PRICES#BRAND#BRAND NAME#BRANDS
The enforcement of stringent intellectual property rights in the pharmaceutical sector of developing countries generates considerable controversy, due to both the extensive research investment and the public policy importance of this sector. This paper explores the likely effects of enforcing product patents on prices and utilization of drugs in the Central Nervous System market in India. The Central Nervous System segment is the second largest therapeutic category in terms of retail sales in the world and is one of the fastest growing segments in India. Using information on product patents granted by the government and panel data on pharmaceutical prices and utilization from 2003-2008, the paper finds limited evidence of overall price increase following the introduction of product patents. However, there appear to be heterogeneous effects on prices by the type of product patent granted on drugs, implying the need for a careful examination of the product patent portfolio.
Link permanente para citações:
Crude Oil Prices : Predicting Price Differentials Based on Quality
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.13%
#CRUDE OIL#OIL PRICING#OIL EXPORTING COUNTRIES#QUALITY DIFFERENTIATION#INTERNATIONAL TRADE#OIL REVENUES#FAIRNESS#PRICE DISTORTIONS#ACIDITY#PRICE CONTROLS#ACCOUNT
Many developing countries are becoming
oil exporters, producing crude oils that often differ
markedly in quality from those principally traded.
Governments must predict the prices of such crudes, to
forecast revenue and evaluate the fairness of the price they
receive from companies selling on their behalf. Oil
companies, and industry consultants, have models for
analyzing price differentials with well-known
"marker" crudes, but these models have not been
widely known, or adapted to account for increasingly
important quality characteristics, such as acidity. This
note explains a methodology for price analysis, and a new
extension for incorporating acidity, which can have a big
effect on the price differential.
Link permanente para citações:
Oil Price Risks and Pump Price Adjustments
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
36.41%
#APPROACH#AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL#AVERAGE PRICE#AVERAGE PRICES#BALANCE#BARREL#BIOGAS#BLACK MARKET#COMMERCIAL ENERGY#COMMERCIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION#CONSUMPTION OF OIL
Between 1999 and 2008, world oil prices
more than quadrupled in real terms. For oil importers,
vulnerability to oil price increases, defined as the share
of gross domestic product spent on net oil imports, rose
considerably. Considering medians, low-income countries had
the highest vulnerability in 2008 and the highest increase
in vulnerability between 1999 and 2008. When changes in
vulnerability were decomposed into several contributing
factors, more than two-thirds of 170 countries studied were
found to have offset the increase in the value of oil
consumption by reducing the oil intensity of gross domestic
product. Oil intensity fell in more than half the countries
in every income group and in every region of the world,
driven by falling energy intensity and, to a lesser extent,
the oil share of energy. This study also examines the degree
of pass-through to consumers of increases in world prices of
gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas
between January 2009 and January 2012, when oil prices in
nominal U.S. dollars more than doubled. Retail fuel prices
varied by two orders of magnitude in 2012...
Link permanente para citações:
Responding to Higher and More Volatile World Food Prices
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.41%
#AGGREGATE CONSUMPTION#AGGREGATE DEMAND#AGRIBUSINESS#AGRIBUSINESS LOGISTICS#AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES#AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY#AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY MARKETS#AGRICULTURAL GROWTH#AGRICULTURAL MARKET#AGRICULTURAL MARKETS#AGRICULTURAL OUTLOOK
Following the world food price spike in
2008 and again in 2011, there has been increased attention
on better understanding the drivers of food prices, their
impacts on the poor, and policy response options. This paper
provides a simple model that closely simulates actual
historical food price behavior around which the analysis of
the drivers of food price levels, volatility, and the
associated response options is derived. Future food prices
are likely to remain higher than pre-2007 levels and recent
price uncertainty is likely to continue for the foreseeable
future. Accelerated use of food crops for industrial
purposes (biofuels) continues to offset the slowing
population growth effect on food demand. World food stocks
remain at relatively low levels where the likelihood of
price spikes is higher. Production gains may be harder to
achieve in the future than in the past, with more limited
space for area expansion, declining yield growth, and
increases in weather variability. Suggested responses to
reduce average food price levels are to (i) raise food crop
yields...
Link permanente para citações:
The Impact of Coffee Market Reforms on Producer Prices and Price Transmission
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, D.C.
EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.22%
#ADMINISTERED PRICES#AGRICULTURAL MARKETS#AGRICULTURE#ARIMA#AUCTIONS#AVERAGE PRICES#COCOA#COFFEE#COFFEE BOARD#COFFEE GROWERS#COFFEE GROWING
This paper evaluates the impact of
coffee sector reforms during late 1980s and early 1990s on
coffee growers in the main coffee producing countries.
Earlier evidence suggests that the reforms increased the
share of producer prices in the world price of coffee. This
hypothesis is tested in the paper with the help of
cointegration analysis, and the results show that in most
countries the longterm producer price share has indeed
increased substantially after the liberalization. Moreover,
the results suggest that the reforms induced a closer
cointegrating relationship between grower prices and world
market prices. Finally, estimation of an error-correction
model reveals that short-run transmission of price signals
from the world market to domestic producers has improved,
such that domestic prices adjust faster today to world price
fluctuations than they did prior to the reforms. However,
there is some evidence of asymmetries in the way positive
and negative world price changes are transmitted to domestic markets.
Link permanente para citações:
Prices and Unit Values in Poverty Measurement and Tax Reform Analysis
Fonte: Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank
Publicador: Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica
EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.21%
#ADMINISTRATIVE COST#AVERAGE PRICE#AVERAGE PRICES#BRAND#BRAND NAME#COMMODITIES#COMMODITY#CONSUMER DEMAND#CONSUMER PRICE#CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE#CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES
Researchers often use unit values
(household expenditures on a commodity divided by the
quantity purchased) as proxies for market prices when
calculating poverty lines and estimating consumer demand
equations. Such proxies are often needed because community
price surveys in developing economies are either absent or
suffer quality problems. However, using unit values may
result in biases due to measurement error and quality
effects. In a household survey experiment, information on
prices was obtained in three ways: from unit values, from a
market price survey, and from the opinions of householders
who were shown pictures of items and asked to report the
local price. The three sets of price data are used to
calculate poverty lines, estimate price elasticities, and
analyze marginal tax reforms. There are substantial biases
when unit values are used as a proxy for market price, even
when sophisticated correction methods are applied.
Performance was better for the price opinions of household
members. The results highlight the importance of price
collection methods and the need to consider the wider costs
of having potentially unreliable community-level price data.
Link permanente para citações:
Changes in End-User Petroleum Product Prices : A Comparison of 48 Countries
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.22%
#ADVERSE EFFECTS#APPROACH#AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL#AVERAGE PRICES#BARREL#BLACK MARKET#BUSES#COMMERCIAL ENERGY#COMMODITY#COMMODITY PRICE#CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
This paper presents retail prices of the
petroleum products in August 2008 in up to 56 countries, and
examines the degree of pass through to consumers of
increases in world gasoline and diesel prices since January
2004 in 48 countries. This is the second paper in a series
summarizing work undertaken to assess the implications of
higher oil prices on fuel use, the downstream petroleum
sector, and household fuel consumption in the developing
world. It follows a recent publication on a decomposition
analysis of vulnerability to oil price increases, where
vulnerability is defined as the percentage of gross domestic
product (GDP) spent on net imports of crude oil and
petroleum products (Bacon and Kojima 2008). This paper
focuses on the extent to which international petroleum
product price increases have been passed on to consumers.
Link permanente para citações:
Export Destinations and Input Prices
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.27%
#ACCESS TO FOREIGN MARKETS#ACCOUNTING#ADVERTISING#AVERAGE PRICES#CHECKS#CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE#CONSUMERS#CURRENCY#DEVALUATION#DEVELOPING COUNTRIES#DEVELOPMENT POLICY
This paper examines the extent to which
the destination of exports matters for the input prices paid
by firms, using detailed customs and firm-product-level data
from Portugal. The authors use exchange rate movements as a
source of variation in export destinations and find that
exporting to richer countries leads firms to charge more for
outputs and pay higher prices for inputs, other things
equal. The results are supportive of the hypothesis that an
exogenous increase in average destination income leads firms
to raise the average quality of goods they produce and to
purchase higher-quality inputs.
Link permanente para citações:
Myanmar : Rice Price Reduction and Poverty Reduction
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
36.41%
#ACREAGE#AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES#AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY#AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT#AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS#AGRICULTURAL GROWTH#AGRICULTURAL LAND#AGRICULTURAL MARKETS#AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT#AGRICULTURAL POLICY#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT
Myanmar is a low-income agrarian country
with a high poverty rate. The livelihood of many poor people
depends on the performance of agriculture, especially the
rice sector. Rice accounts for 70 percent of Myanmar s total
cultivated area and 30 percent of the value of its
agricultural production. Increasing returns to rice
production will be the key to increasing farm wages and
incomes in the short to medium run. Higher rice production
will also help maintain low food prices, improve food
security, and reduce poverty, as an average household spends
61 percent of total household income on food, and rice is a
major component of the food basket. Price fluctuations are a
common feature of well-functioning agricultural markets.
Price fluctuation should be expected in such markets, since
output varies from period to period due to factors such as
weather, pests and disease, and because demand and supply
are inelastic in the short run. Moreover, some amount of
seasonal and spatial price movements should be tolerated,
since these usefully signal scarcity in the market and
facilitate a supply response...
Link permanente para citações:
Competition in Kenyan Markets and Its Impact on Income and Poverty : A Case Study on Sugar and Maize
Fonte: World Bank Group, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank Group, Washington, DC
EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
36.43%
#AGRICULTURE#AVERAGE ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION#AVERAGE PRICES#BARRIERS TO COMPETITION#BARS#BEET SUGAR#BENCHMARK#BENCHMARKS#BORDER PRICE#CANE SUGAR#CARTEL
This paper investigates the link between
competitive, well-functioning food markets and consumer
welfare. The paper explores two key food markets in Kenya --
sugar and maize -- and argues that a variety of factors
conspire to distort market prices upward. Distortionary
factors include import tariff policy, nontariff barriers,
potential anticompetitive conduct by firms, and direct state
intervention in markets. Changes in sugar and maize prices
are shown to have significant welfare effects on consumers.
Equivalent income effects are estimated using the most
recent available representative household survey data -- the
Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey 2005/06. The paper
shows that relaxing trade barriers to allow sugar prices to
fall by 20 percent could reduce poverty by 1.5 percent.
Similarly, adjusting government interventions in the maize
market, which have been shown to inflate maize prices by 20
percent on average, could reduce poverty by 1.8 percent. The
magnitude of the estimated income effects may vary based on
updated household-level consumption data...
Link permanente para citações:
Food Security and Wheat Prices in Afghanistan : A Distribution-sensitive Analysis of Household-level Impacts
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.13%
#ACCESS TO FOOD#ACCESS TO MARKETS#ACCESS TO SERVICES#AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS#AGRICULTURAL LAND#AGRICULTURE#AVERAGE PRICES#BREAD#CALORIC INTAKE#CALORIE INTAKE#CALORIES PER DAY
This paper investigates the impact of
increases in wheat flour prices on household food security
using unique nationally-representative data collected in
Afghanistan from 2007 to 2008. It uses a new estimator, the
Unconditional Quantile Regression estimator, based on
influence functions, to examine the marginal effects of
price increases at different locations on the distributions
of several food security measures. The estimates reveal that
the negative marginal effect of a price increase on food
consumption is two and a half times larger for households
that can afford to cut the value of food consumption (75th
quantile) than for households at the bottom (25th quantile)
of the food-consumption distribution. Similarly, households
with diets high in calories reduce intake substantially, but
those at the bottom of the calorie distribution (25th
quantile) make very small changes in intake as a result of
the price increases. In contrast, households at the bottom
of the dietary diversity distribution make the largest
adjustments in the quality of their diets...
Link permanente para citações:
What Drives the High Price of Road Freight Transport in Central America?
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Economic & Sector Work :: Other Infrastructure Study
ENGLISH; EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
36.47%
#AIR#AIR FREIGHT#AIRPORT#AIRPORTS#AVERAGE COSTS#AVERAGE PRICE#AVERAGE PRICES#AVERAGE SPEED#AVERAGE SPEEDS#AVERAGE TRAVEL SPEEDS#BANK LOANS
In Central America, like many other
developing regions, high transport costs are cited as an
important impediment to trade and economic growth. Prices
for road freight transport, a key mode of transport
comprising a significant share of total transport costs for
both intra, and extra, regional trade, are particularly
high. Averaging 17 US cents per ton-kilometer on main
trading routes, these rates stand out even relative to other
inefficient developing country markets (e.g., central and
west Africa). However, the policy and other factors
associated with increased prices have not been well
understood. Using data from a survey of trucking companies
operating on the region's main trade corridors, this
paper analyzes the primary drivers affecting firms'
cost of providing service, as well as the effect of market
structure and competition on markups and prices. We find
that whereas improved cost efficiencies could reduce prices
by 3 cents per ton?kilometer, increased competition on
national routes, those entirely within a nation's
borders...
Link permanente para citações:
Transport Prices and Costs in Africa : A Review of the International Corridors; Le prix et le cout du transport en Afrique : etude des principaux corridors
Fonte: Washington, DC : World Bank
Publicador: Washington, DC : World Bank
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Publication; Publications & Research :: Publication
ENGLISH; EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.32%
#ACCESS ROAD#ARABLE LAND#ARTICULATED TRUCKS#AVERAGE FLEET AGE#AVERAGE PRICES#BORDER CROSSING#BORDER CROSSINGS#BRIDGE#CAR#CARGO#CARRIERS
The objective of the study is to
examine, identify, and quantify the factors behind
Africa's high prices for road transport. Such prices
are a major obstacle to economic growth in the region, as
shown in several studies. For example, Amjadi and Yeats
(1995) concluded that transport costs in Africa were a
higher trade barrier than were import tariffs and trade
restrictions. Other analyses by the World Bank (2007a)
demonstrated that Africa's transport prices were high
compared to the value of the goods transported and that
transport predictability and reliability were low by
international standards. This study's findings should
help policy makers take actions that will reduce transport
costs to domestic and international trade.
Link permanente para citações:
What Drives the High Price of Road Freight Transport in Central America?
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH; EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
36.47%
#AIR#AIR FREIGHT#AIRPORT#AIRPORTS#AVERAGE COSTS#AVERAGE PRICE#AVERAGE PRICES#AVERAGE SPEED#AVERAGE SPEEDS#AVERAGE TRAVEL SPEEDS#BANK LOANS
In Central America, like many other
developing regions, high transport costs are cited as an
impediment to trade and economic growth. Prices for road
freight transport -- a key mode of transport comprising a
significant share of total transport costs for intra- and
extra-regional trade, are particularly high. Averaging 17
cents per ton-kilometer on main trading routes, these rates
stand out even relative to other inefficient developing
country markets (e.g., central and west Africa). However,
the policy and other factors associated with increased
prices have not been well understood. This paper uses data
from a survey of trucking companies operating on the
region's main trade corridors to analyze the
determinants of firms' costs of providing service, as
well as the effect of market structure and competition on
prices. The analysis finds that whereas improved cost
efficiencies could reduce prices by 3 cents per
ton-kilometer, increased competition on national routes --
those entirely within a nation's borders -- would
reduce prices by significantly more. Although there are many
trucking companies...
Link permanente para citações:
Black Hole or Black Gold? The Impact of Oil and Gas Prices on Indonesia's Public Finances
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.35%
#ACCOUNTING#ALTERNATIVE FUELS#ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE#APPROACH#AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL#AVERAGE PRICE#AVERAGE PRICES#BALANCE#BANK ACCOUNTS#BARREL#BARREL OF OIL
Indonesia's oil revenues and fuel
subsidies dominate the nation's economic policy agenda.
This paper estimates the impact of higher international oil
prices on the Indonesian government's fiscal position
in 2008 and beyond. It analyzes the interactions between
government revenues and expenditures, as well as
international oil prices, energy subsidies, and
inter-governmental transfers. Looking at the impact of oil
prices over US$100 per barrel, the paper presents five main
findings. First, despite record high oil prices, the
government's oil and gas revenues have been decreasing
relative to non-oil and gas revenues since 2001. Second,
fuel subsides will reach record levels in 2008 while
electricity subsidies have been increasing even faster.
Third, the paper finds that most of the fuel subsidy that
directly benefits households goes to the richest 20 percent.
Fourth, even at levels above US$100 per barrel, the
government receives more revenues from oil and gas than it
spends on energy subsidies. However...
Link permanente para citações: