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Uganda - Public Expenditure Review : Strengthening the Impact of the Roads Budget
Fonte: World Bank
Publicador: World Bank
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#ACCESS ROAD#ACCESS ROADS#ANIMAL TRANSPORT#AVAILABILITY OF TRANSPORT#AVAILABILITY OF TRANSPORT SERVICES#BICYCLE#BICYCLES#BIKES#BITUMEN#BOTTLENECK#BOTTLENECKS
Uganda needs to focus on improving the
effectiveness of its roads investment strategy for rural
Uganda and improving the manner in it procures and
implements roads contracts at the national level. In recent
years the Government of Uganda has shifted the priorities in
its national development strategy as there was accumulating
evidence that infrastructure deficiencies had become a
binding constraint to economic growth and poverty reduction.
Consequently the Government of Uganda increased in
particular the budget allocation for the road sector
substantially as a means to tackle this constraint to growth
and poverty reduction: i) by investing in rural roads it
aims to facilitate market access for farmers, which will
allow them to increase their earnings capacity; and ii) by
improving the national roads network, transport cost will be
reduced, competitiveness enhanced and additional income
generated. However, to ensure the highest economic return
for its investment, it is advised to rebalance the way
allocations are set for rural roads and to increase
absorptive capacity to efficiently utilize the augmented
budgetary resources for the national roads sector.
Link permanente para citações:
Revising the Roads Investment Strategy in Rural Areas : An Application for Uganda
Fonte: Banco Mundial
Publicador: Banco Mundial
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46.7%
#ACCESS ROAD#ACCESS ROADS#ACCESS TO MARKETS#ACCESSIBILITY#AFFORDABLE TRANSPORT#AGRICULTURAL VALUE#ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT#ANIMAL TRANSPORT#AVAILABILITY OF TRANSPORT#AVAILABILITY OF TRANSPORT SERVICES#AVERAGE PRICE
Based on extensive data collection in
Uganda, this paper demonstrates that the rural access index,
as defined today, should not be a government objective
because the benefit of such investment is minimal, whereas
achieving rural accessibility at less than 2 kilometers
would require massive investments that are not sustainable.
Taking into account the fact that plot size is limited on
average to less than 1 hectare, a farmer s transport
requirement is usually minimal and does not necessarily
involve massive investments in infrastructure. This is
because most farmers cannot fully load a truck or pay for
this service and, even if productivity were to increase
significantly, the production threshold would not be reached
by most individual farmers. Therefore, in terms of public
policy, maintenance of the existing rural roads rather than
opening new roads should be given priority; the district
feeder road allocation maintenance formula should be revised
to take into account economic potential and, finally, policy
makers should devote their attention to innovative marketing
models from other countries where smallholder loads are
consolidated through private-based consolidators.
Link permanente para citações:
Explaining High Transport Costs within Malawi : Bad Roads or Lack of Trucking Competition?
Fonte: Banco Mundial
Publicador: Banco Mundial
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46.48%
#ACCESS ROADS#ACCESSIBILITY#AGGLOMERATION BENEFITS#AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES#AIR#ARTERIES#ASPHALT#ASPHALT ROADS#AVAILABILITY OF TRANSPORT#AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC#BAUXITE
What are the main determinants of
transport costs: network access or competition among
transport providers? The focus in the transport sector has
often been on improving the coverage of "hard"
infrastructure, whereas in reality the cost of transporting
goods is quite sensitive to the extent of competition among
transport providers and scale economies in the freight
transport industry, creating monopolistic behavior and
circular causation between lower transport costs and greater
trade and traffic. This paper contributes to the discussion
on transport costs in Malawi, providing fresh empirical
evidence based on a specially commissioned survey of
transport providers and spatial analysis of the country s
infrastructure network. The main finding is that both
infrastructure quality and market structure of the trucking
industry are important contributors to regional differences
in transport costs. The quality of the trunk road network is
not a major constraint but differences in the quality of
feeder roads connecting villages to the main road network
have significant bearing on transport costs. And costs due
to poor feeder roads are exacerbated by low volumes of trade
between rural locations and market centers. With empty
backhauls and journeys covering small distances...
Link permanente para citações:
Designing Toll Road Concessions : Lessons from Argentina
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
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#TOLL ROADS & HIGHWAYS#CONCESSIONS#ROAD & HIGHWAY NETWORKS#DENATIONALIZATION#PRIMARY ROADS & HIGHWAYS#FEEDER ROADS ACCESS ROAD#ACCESS ROADS#ACCIDENT#ACCIDENTS#AXLES#BASIC TOLL
Argentina began to concession its
intercity highways and the access roads to Buenos Aires in
the early 1990s. It first offered the intercity highways for
competitive bids, setting the terms, the tolls, and the
service levels and basing bid selection primarily on the
rental offered for the infrastructure. When it concessioned
the access roads in a second round, it set the terms and the
investments and selected the bid offering the lowest tolls.
The results so far have been mixed. Investment has lagged,
but maintenance of the intercity highways has improved. The
authors review the lessons from this experience and identify
some of the challenges for future concessions: following
clear and simple rules in the bidding process, establishing
clear rules for renegotiation, and strengthening regulatory capacity.
Link permanente para citações:
Low Volume Rural Roads
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
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#ACCESS TO MARKETS#ACCESSIBILITY#ACCIDENTS#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY#AGRICULTURE#ALL-SEASON ROAD ACCESS#ANALYSIS PERIOD#ANIMAL TRANSPORT#BASIC ACCESS
The objective of this note is to advise
on an appropriate economic appraisal methodology that should
be used for the assessment of Low Volume Rural Roads - that
is roads upon which less than 200 motorized vehicles per day
travel. Section 1 of this note sets out the reasons that Low
Volume Rural Roads require a slightly different
consideration from other transport projects. Section 2
discusses the approaches to economic evaluation that can be
used for low volume rural roads, whilst Section 3 presents
the manner that the consumer surplus method can be extended
to account for the characteristics of low volume rural
roads. Section 4 contains a summary of the main points of
the note.
Link permanente para citações:
Bosnia and Herzegovina - The Road to Europe : Annex 2. Local Roads - Facilitating Access to Services
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
36.62%
#ACCESS ROADS#ACCESSIBILITY#AIR#AIR TRANSPORT#ANIMAL CARTS#ARTERIAL ROADS#ASPHALT#AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC#AXLE LOADS#BETTER ROADS#BICYCLES
This report highlights deficiencies and
indicates priorities for a prospective national transport
strategy and action plan for further consideration by key
stakeholders. The overall objective should be the
development of a transport system, and an institutional
framework, that facilitates rather than constrains, economic
development in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A strong transport
system contributes to economic growth by reducing the
economic distance to markets by expanding opportunities for
trade, by improving the competitiveness of national
locations for production and distribution, and by
facilitating mobility for a country s citizens; while
minimizing the social and environmental costs of the
transport sector. The report concludes by recommending
actions that aim to improve the institutional framework,
improve the sustainability of the transport sector,
facilitate broad based economic growth, and mitigate the
social and environmental detriments associated with
transport. Specific policy recommendations are presented to
accomplish these conclusions.
Link permanente para citações:
Design and Appraisal of Rural Transport Infrastructure : Ensuring Basic Access for Rural Communities
Fonte: Washington, DC: World Bank
Publicador: Washington, DC: World Bank
EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#ACCESS ROADS#ACCESS TO MAIN ROAD NETWORKS#ACCESS TO MARKETS#ACCESSIBILITY#ACCESSIBILITY INDICATORS#ADEQUATE RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE#AFFORDABILITY OF TRANSPORT SERVICES#AGRIBUSINESS#AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES#AGRICULTURE#ALL-SEASON ROAD ACCESS
Isolation contributes to rural poverty.
Without a minimum of reliable and efficient access to
locations of basic social and economic activities, rural
life stagnates and local development prospects remain
limited. Providing and maintaining a minimum level of
access, referred to in this paper as basic access, is
therefore a necessary element of any rural development
strategy. Overcoming isolation necessitates holistic
strategies. Approaches include improved logistics to support
trade and communication, the promotion of transport services
and intermediaite means of transport, improved quality and
location of services, and the sustaianable provision of
cost-effective transport infrastrucutre. Among these, the
cost-effective design and appraisal of rural transport
infrastructure (RTI) is the topic of this paper. A basic
access approach to the provision of RTI is presented which
gives priority to the provision and maintenance of reliable,
all-season access. Basic access interventions are defined as
the least-cost investments which provide a minimum level of
all-season passability. In a majority of cases...
Link permanente para citações:
Roads Improvement for Poverty Alleviation in China
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
EN_US
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46.63%
#ABSOLUTE POVERTY#ACCESS ROADS#ACCESSIBILITY#ADB#AGRICULTURE#ALL WEATHER ROADS#BASIC ACCESS#BENEFIT ANALYSIS#BORROWING COUNTRIES#CAPITAL FORMATION#COMPARATIVE COSTS
In China, rural road improvements have
been integrated with major highway projects, implemented
with World Bank assistance, during 1995-98. These
improvements were called, "Roads Improvement for
Poverty Alleviation (RIPA)," and were linked to
on-going poverty alleviation programs. These Bank assisted
projects are in five provinces of China: Gansu, Henan, Inner
Mongolia, Ningxia, and Shaanxi. RIPA concentrates on linking
those rural villages and townships which do not currently
have basic all weather access to the existing road networks
of a higher order. This report focuses, from a conceptual
analytical, and methodological viewpoint upon the RIPA
experience in the above-mentioned Bank-assisted projects in
China. It also describes the background to poverty
alleviation programs and the linkages to roads improvement
in China. It reviews current practices and recommends
appropriate design standards, and a framework of monitoring
indicators. This report focuses on those road systems which
provide easy access to the rural population in designated
poor counties in China. The primary objectives are to
provide a conceptual framework for RIPA...
Link permanente para citações:
The Impact of Roads on Poverty Reduction : A Case Study of Cameroon
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#ACCESS ROADS#ACCESS TO EDUCATION#ACCESS TO MARKETS#ACCESSIBILITY#AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY#AGRICULTURAL SECTOR#AGRICULTURAL WAGE#AID AGENCIES#AID EFFECTIVENESS
Many investments in infrastructure are
built on the belief that they will ineluctably lead to
poverty reduction and income generation. This has entailed
massive aid-financed projects in roads in developing
countries. However, the lack of robust evaluations and a
comprehensive theoretical framework could raise questions
about current strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using the
second Cameroonian national household survey (Enquete
Camerounaise Aupres des Menages II, 2001) and the Cameroon
case study, this paper demonstrates that investing uniformly
in tarred roads in Africa is likely to have a much lower
impact on poverty than expected. Isolation from a tarred
road is found to have no direct impact on consumption
expenditures in Cameroon. The only impact is an indirect one
in the access to labor activities. This paper reasserts the
fact that access to roads is only one factor contributing to
poverty reduction (and not necessarily the most important in
many cases). Considering that increase in non-farming
activities is the main driver for poverty reduction in rural
Africa...
Link permanente para citações:
The Long and Winding Path to Private Financing and Regulation of Toll Roads
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#access roads#accident#accident rates#airports#arterial roads#Asian Toll Road Development#Asian Toll Road Development Program#average daily traffic#black market in toll receipts#Bridge#bridges
Road transport has long been the dominant form of transport for freight and passenger movement throughout the world. Because most road projects require investments with long amortization periods and because many projects do not generate enough demand to become self-financing through some type of user fee or toll, the road sector remains in the hands of the public sector to a much greater extent than other transport activities. But governments throughout the world, including those of many poor African and South Asian countries, are commercializing their operations to cut costs, improve user orientation, and increase sector-specific revenue. There seems to be demand for toll roads in specific settings, but the problems met by many of this "first generation" of road concessions-from Mexico to Thailand-have given toll projects a bad reputation. Many mistakes were made, and tolling is obviously not the best solution for every road. Most of the alternatives aim at improving efficiency (lowering costs). But there are many ways of getting the private sector involved in toll roads, thus reducing public sector financing requirements for the sector. Understanding the context in which toll roads are viable is essential both for their initial success and for effective long-run regulation. The authors provide a broad overview of issues at stake from the viewpoint of both privatization teams and regulators responsible for supervising contractual commitments of private operators and the government...
Link permanente para citações:
The social and economic impacts of a logging access road: a case study of Marudi Town, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Fonte: Universidade de Adelaide
Publicador: Universidade de Adelaide
Tipo: Tese de Doutorado
Publicado em //2010
Relevância na Pesquisa
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The biggest problem of Marudi Town, the major town of the districts in Sarawak, Malaysia, is the lack of an access road to connect it to the outside world, especially to the nearest city, Miri City. The Sarawak state government argued that the main reason for not providing an access road between Marudi and Miri was to reduce rural-urban migration. Since July 2005, a logging access road built by a logging company has made the Marudi Town community accessible to Miri City by land transportation. This thesis examines the social and economic impacts of the logging access road on the Marudi Town community since July 2005. A case study approach has been applied and two models of access road have been examined. The first model argues that rural access roads stimulate outward migration, while the second model suggests that access roads facilitate rural economic development. Data has been collected through questionnaire surveys, face-to-face in depth interviews, field observation and secondary data analysis. The results show that outward migration occurred before the existence of the logging access road, and the justification given by the state government for not providing an access road between Marudi Town and Miri City is questioned by the local people. Various positive impacts have been created since July 2005; namely an increase in weekend residents and visitors...
Link permanente para citações:
Roads to agency; Effects of Enhancing Women’s Participation in Rural Roads Projects on Women’s Agency
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Working Paper; Publications & Research :: Working Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH; EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#TRANSPORT MARKET#AUTOMOBILE#TRANSPORT SECTOR#REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH#ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION#INDIGENOUS WOMEN#ROAD IMPROVEMENTS#GENDER MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS#OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN#TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE#VEHICLES
Infrastructure projects, and more
specifically, roads construction, and maintenance are one of
the core operations of the World Bank. However, despite the
increase of gender mainstreaming efforts in transport
projects little is known about the effects of these
interventions on women’s agency defined as the ability to
make effective choices and transform these choices into
desired outcomes’. This study aims to bridge this knowledge
gap. The study looks at the effects of women’s participation
in roads construction and maintenance and rural economy
promotion activities on women’s agency, which has recently
become a focus of study at the World Bank. Through
individual interviews and focus groups the study assesses
the effects of women-targeted interventions in three rural
transport projects in Argentina, Nicaragua, and Peru. By
focusing on agency, the study sheds light on effects of
gender mainstreaming interventions that have more lasting
effects on gender equality given the catalytic value of
agency on other gender outcomes such as economic
opportunities and endowments. The report is structured as
follows: section one gives introduction. Second section
describes the gender dimensions and agency-enhancing
approaches in transport projects and the gender approaches
in project implementation in the selected case studies. The
third section provides a summary of the methodology of the
study. The fourth section describes the key findings of the
qualitative research. The fifth section presents the lessons
learned to inform future rural transport interventions. The
sixth section provides concluding remarks.
Link permanente para citações:
Performance-Based Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance Contracts in Argentina : A Review of Fifteen Years of Experience (1996-2010)
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Working Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH; EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#ACCESS ROADS#ACCIDENTS#ACCOUNTING#AGGREGATES#ANALYSIS PERIOD#ARBITRATION#ARBITRATOR#ASPHALT#ASSET MANAGEMENT#AXLE LOAD#BID
The road sector is the dominant mode of
transport in Argentina carrying nearly 80 percent of total
freight volume. The road network has a total length of about
630,000 km (11 percent paved), divided in three
administrative levels: national, provincial, and municipal.
However, more than 70 percent of total traffic volumes are
concentrated on the paved national and provincial network,
with the municipal network consisting of unpaved roads,
access roads to farms and feeder roads with very low traffic
volumes. A survey carried out in 1992 confirmed that only 44
percent of the national paved network was in good condition,
with a high 35 percent of roads in poor condition.
Rehabilitation works for the non-concessioned portion were
contracted to the private sector under the traditional
ad-measurement type or unit price-based system while
maintenance activities continued to be carried out by
force-account. In 1993 a loan from the World Bank was
approved to finance, for the first time, high priority
rehabilitation and maintenance works on the non-concessioned
paved network...
Link permanente para citações:
Bhutan : Transport Sector Note
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
Tipo: Economic & Sector Work :: Other Infrastructure Study; Economic & Sector Work
ENGLISH; EN_US
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#TRANSPORT SECTOR#ACCESSIBLE SERVICES#RURAL POVERTY#DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS#LAND LOCKED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES#RURAL-URBAN MIGRATIONS#URBAN EXPANSION#EMPLOYMENT CREATION#CONSUMPTION GROWTH#SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT#TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS
Landlocked Bhutan faces unique
challenges, and opportunities as it pursues the development
of its transport sector into the 21st century. Bhutan's
population growth rate is high, rural-urban migration is
accelerating, and, fueled by sustained economic growth, the
country is urbanizing rapidly, giving rise to an expanding
urban middle class, with rising expectations of well-paid
employment, accessible services, and consumption potential.
However, accessibility to a large measure depends on
availability of reliable, and affordable transportation.
Poor rural access is synonymous with rural isolation, and
poverty, while high external and domestic transport costs
constrain the country's economic and social
development. Transportation poses a considerable cost
disadvantage to business and commercial undertakings; road
transport is slow and regularly disrupted by landslides and
flooding; air transport is costly and erratic. Costly
transport is a major factor constraining the development of
tourism, horticultural exports...
Link permanente para citações:
Zimbabwe Infrastructure Dialogue in Roads, Railways, Water, Energy, and Telecommunication Sub-Sectors
Fonte: Washington, DC
Publicador: Washington, DC
Tipo: Economic & Sector Work :: Other Infrastructure Study; Economic & Sector Work
ENGLISH
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#ACCESS ROADS#ACCIDENT RATES#ACCIDENTS#ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS#ACTION PLAN#ACTION PLANS#ANIMAL-DRAWN CARTS#AUCTION#AUCTION SYSTEM#AXLE LOAD#BACKBONE
In the 1990s, Zimbabwe's economic
growth began to slow following a balance of payments crisis
and repeated droughts. By the late 1990s Zimbabwe's
economy was in serious trouble driven by economic
mismanagement, political violence, and the wider impact of
the land reform program on food production. During 2007
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contract by more than 6
percent, making the cumulative output decline over 35
percent since 1999. The unrelenting economic deterioration
is doing long-term damage to the foundations of the
Zimbabwean economy, private sector investment is virtually
zero, infrastructure has deteriorated, and skilled
professionals have left the country. With inflation
accelerating, the Government introduced, in 2007, blanket
price controls and ordered businesses to cut prices by half.
Despite the strict price controls inflation continues to
rise as the root cause of high inflation, monetization of
the large public sector financing needs remains unaddressed.
A large part of the high public sector deficit is due to
quasi-fiscal spending by the central bank on mainly
concessional credits and subsidized foreign exchange for
priority sectors...
Link permanente para citações:
Yemen, Republic of - Road Sector : Strategy Note
Fonte: World Bank
Publicador: World Bank
Tipo: Economic & Sector Work :: Other Infrastructure Study
ENGLISH
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#ACCESS ROADS#ACCESSIBILITY#ALL WEATHER ROADS#ALL WEATHER RURAL ROADS#ARTERIAL NETWORK#ARTERIES#ASPHALT#AXLE LOAD#AXLE LOADS#AXLES#BITUMEN
The Republic of Yemen has experienced
steady development in the recent past and its Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) per capita is approaching US$1,000. By many
aspects, Yemen is unique. It is still a rural country (with
more than 70 percent of the population living in the
countryside). It has about 140,000 villages and small
settlements spread out all over the territory, many of which
still need road access and harbor most of the country's
poor (40 percent of the total population). Given the uneven
distribution of population, transport demand varies
enormously between different parts of the country. It is
highest by far in the densely populated mountainous
northwest part of the country and generally very small in
the vast low density eastern part. Transport is essential to
ensure that the rural areas participate in the main stream
of economic and social life. Transport is also essential for
trade, which is a key to the future of the economy. This is
reinforced by the fact that most of the population is
located away from the coastal areas...
Link permanente para citações:
Energy Access and Productive Uses for the Urban Poor : Final Report on Ghana Scoping Study
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: ESMAP Paper; Publications & Research
ENGLISH; EN_US
Relevância na Pesquisa
46.13%
#ACCESS ROADS#ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY#ACCESS TO ENERGY#ACCESS TO MODERN ENERGY#AIR POLLUTION#ALTERNATIVE ENERGY#ALTERNATIVE FUELS#APPROACH#AVAILABILITY#AVAILABILITY OF SAVINGS#BIOMASS
The aim of the scoping study was to gain
an understanding of the productive activities slum dwellers
engage in that rely on energy services and the potentials
and challenges of slums in Ghana regarding access to modern
energy services and income generation from productive
activities. The objective of the ESMED-EAfUP (Energy Sector
Management Assistance Program - ESMAP/SME Development -
Energy Access for the Urban Poor) programme is 'to
create and sustain a network of energy practitioners to
support development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSME) as users and providers of modern energy services for
slum upgrading programs.'. Using ability to adopt safer
and modern energy forms as a criterion in assessing the
effective deployment of safer and modern energy forms, the
study concluded that the high propensity to save is an
opportunity for their deployment if they can be sensitized
about the benefits of using modern energy forms, which many
of the slum dwellers are not aware of. Most enterprise
owners could also capitalize on the credit policies of the
financial institutions they saved with to adopt the modern
energy forms. Lack of education and limited awareness about
the benefits of using clean...
Link permanente para citações:
Rural Access and Mobility in Pakistan : A Policy Note
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Brief; Publications & Research
ENGLISH
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#ACCESS TO MARKETS#ACCESSIBILITY#ACCESSIBILITY INDICATORS#AGRICULTURE#ASPHALT#BASIC ACCESS#BASIC SERVICES#BETTER ROAD#BETTER ROADS#BICYCLES#BUS
This note presents a number of policy
options to improve basic access and promote the mobility of
Pakistan's rural population in support of the
Government's Poverty Reduction Strategy. This is
achieved through more focused and community driven
interventions to meet the direct needs of the rural
population. The current state of rural accessibility and
mobility are examined together with their effect on both the
social and economic dimensions of rural poverty. Key
challenges and constraints to reform are identified. The
note contributes to the current debate within Pakistan with
regard to the better targeting of interventions to assist
the rural poor. It should also be of interest to policy
makers in other countries concerned with how rural transport
policy may be developed to meet the Millennium Development Goals.
Link permanente para citações:
Poverty, Living Conditions, and Infrastructure Access : A Comparison of Slums in Dakar, Johannesburg, and Nairobi
Fonte: Banco Mundial
Publicador: Banco Mundial
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
ENGLISH
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#ACCESS ROADS#ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE#ACCESS TO SERVICES#BASIC SERVICES#BOTTLENECKS#BUS#CAR#CITIES#CLINICS#COLLECTION SYSTEM#CRIME
In this paper the authors compare
indicators of development, infrastructure, and living
conditions in the slums of Dakar, Nairobi, and Johannesburg
using data from 2004 World Bank surveys. Contrary to the
notion that most African cities face similar slum problems,
find that slums in the three cities differ dramatically from
each other on nearly every indicator examined. Particularly
striking is the weak correlation of measures of income and
human capital with infrastructure access and quality of
living conditions. For example, residents of Dakar's
slums have low levels of education and high levels of
poverty but fairly decent living conditions. By contrast,
most of Nairobi's slum residents have jobs and
comparatively high levels of education, but living
conditions are but extremely bad . And in Johannesburg,
education and unemployment levels are high, but living
conditions are not as bad as in Nairobi. These findings
suggest that reduction in income poverty and improvements in
human development do not automatically translate into
improved infrastructure access or living conditions. Since
not all slum residents are poor...
Link permanente para citações:
Commercializing Africa's Roads : Transforming the Role of the Public Sector; La commercialisation des routes d'Afrique : evolution du role du secteur public
Fonte: World Bank, Washington, DC
Publicador: World Bank, Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Brief; Publications & Research
ENGLISH
Relevância na Pesquisa
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#ACCESS ROADS#ACCOUNTING#ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS#ECONOMIC REFORM#EXCISE TAXES#FINANCING OF ROADS#FREIGHT TRANSPORT#FUEL#GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT#LOCAL TAXES#MAIN ROADS
Road transport is the dominant mode of
transport in sub-Saharan Africa, carrying close to 90
percent of the region's passenger and freight
transport, and providing the only access to rural
communities where over 70 percent of Africans live. Despite
their importance, most of the region's nearly 2 million
km of roads are poorly managed and badly maintained. By
1990, nearly a third of the $150 billion invested in roads
had been eroded through lack of maintenance. To restore only
those roads that are economically justified and prevent
further deteriorations will require annual expenditures of
at least $1.5 billion over the next ten years, or more than
double the requirements of regular maintenance. To find
sustainable solutions to these problems, the United Nations
Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and the World Bank
launched the Road Maintenance Initiative (RMI) as part of
the sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP).
With support from a number of bilateral donors, the
Initiative has spent the last six years working with African
countries to identify the causes of poor road maintenance
policies and to develop an agency for reforming them. The
key concept to emerge from the debate on how to strengthen
financing and management of roads is commercialiation: bring
roads into the marketplace and put them on a fee for service
basis. However...
Link permanente para citações: